THE CONSTITUTION OF TUVALU
PREAMBLE
WHEREAS in adopting the Independence Constitution of Tuvalu the people of
Tuvalu provided in the Preamble to it as follows:
"WHEREAS the Islands in the Pacific Ocean then known as the Ellice Islands came under the protection of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria in September
1892 and on 12 January 1916 in conjunction with the Gilbert Islands became known as the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony;
"AND WHEREAS on 1 October 1975 Her Most Excellent Majesty Queen Elizabeth II was graciously pleased to establish the Ellice Islands as a separate colony under their ancient name of Tuvalu;
"AND WHEREAS the people of Tuvalu, acknowledging God as the Almighty and Everlasting Lord and giver of all good things, humbly place themselves under His good providence and seek His blessing upon themselves and their lives;
"AND WHEREAS the people of Tuvalu desire to constitute themselves as an independent State based on Christian principles, the Rule of Law, and Tuvaluan custom and tradition;
"NOW THEREFORE the people of Tuvalu hereby affirm their allegiance to Her Most Excellent Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Her Heirs and Successors, and do hereby proclaim the establishment of a free and democratic sovereign nation ";
AND WHEREAS the Constitution then adopted, which was given the force of law by Order in Council of Her Most Excellent Majesty dated 25 July 1978 and taking effect on 1 October 1978, provided for its amendment or replacement by Ordinance of the Parliament established by it for Tuvalu;
AND WHEREAS that Constitution has served the people of Tuvalu well since Independence but now, more than seven years since its adoption, it is time that the people of Tuvalu reconsidered it in the light of their history and their present and future needs as they see them; 
NOW THEREFORE, the people of Tuvalu, having considered, as individuals, in their maneapas and island councils, and in their Parliament, what should be in their constitution, give to themselves the following Constitution:
IN SO DOING, the people of Tuvalu set out for themselves and for their governmental institutions, the following Principles:
PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTION
1. The principles set out in the Preamble to the Independence Constitution are re-affirmed and re-adopted.
2. The right of the people of Tuvalu, both present and future, to a full, free and happy life, and to moral, spiritual, personal and material welfare, is affirmed as one given to them by God.
3. While believing that Tuvalu must take its rightful place amongst the community of nations in search of peace and the general welfare, nevertheless the people of Tuvalu recognize and affirm, with gratitude to God, that the stability of Tuvaluan society and the happiness and welfare of the people of Tuvalu, both present and future, depend very largely on the maintenance of Tuvaluan values, culture and tradition, including the vitality and the sense of identity of island communities and attitudes of co-operation, self-help and unity within and amongst those communities.
4. Amongst the values that the people of Tuvalu seek to maintain are their traditional forms of communities, the strength and support of the family and family discipline.
5. In government, and in social affairs generally, the guiding principles of Tuvalu are:
agreement, courtesy and the search for consensus, in accordance with traditional Tuvaluan procedures, rather than alien ideas of confrontation and divisiveness;
the need for mutual respect and co-operation between the different kinds of authorities concerned, including the central Government, the traditional authorities, local governments and authorities, and the religious authorities.
6. The life and the laws of Tuvalu should therefore be based on respect for human dignity, and on the acceptance of Tuvaluan values and culture, and on respect for them.
7. Nevertheless, the people of Tuvalu recognize that in a changing world, and with changing needs, these principles and values, and the manner and form of their expression (especially in legal and administrative matters), will gradually change, and the Constitution not only must recognize their fundamental importance to the life of Tuvalu but also must not unnecessarily hamper their expression and their development.
THESE PRINCIPLES, under the guidance of God, are solemnly adopted and affirmed as the basis of this Constitution, and as the guiding principles to be observed in its interpretation and application at all levels of government and organized life.
PART I
THE STATE AND THE CONSTITUTION
DIVISION 1: THE STATE
1 The State
Tuvalu is a sovereign democratic State, governed in accordance with this Constitution and in particular in accordance with the Principles set out in the Preamble.
2 The area of Tuvalu
(1) Subject to subsections (3) and (4), the area of Tuvalu consists of the land areas referred to in subsection (2), together with:
(a) the territorial sea and the inland waters as declared by law, the land beneath them, and the air space above; and
(b) such additional lands and waters as are declared by law to be part of the land area of Tuvalu.
(2) The land areas referred to in subsection (1) consist of all islands, rocks and reefs within the area bounded by:
(a) the parallel 05°S; and
(b) the meridian 180°E; and (c) the parallel 11 °S ; and (d) the meridian 176°E, together with all small islands, islets, rocks and reefs depending on them.
(3) For the purpose of implementing any international agreement binding on Tuvalu and approved by Parliament by resolution for the purposes of this section, subsection (2) may be amended by Act of Parliament made in accordance with section 7 (alteration to the Constitution generally), without reference to the requirement of a special majority of votes under section 7(3) (which requires Bills to alter the Constitution to be passed by a two-thirds majority in Parliament).
(4) Nothing in this section prevents a law from proclaiming the jurisdiction of Tuvalu, complete or partial, over any area of land or water or airspace above, or prevents a law from having extra-territorial effect in accordance with section 84 (vesting of the law-making power).
DIVISION 2: THE CONSTITUTION
3 The Constitution as supreme law
(1) This Constitution is the supreme law of Tuvalu and, subject to subsection (2), any act (whether legislative, executive or judicial) that is inconsistent with it is, to the extent of the inconsistency, void.
(2) Ali other laws shall be interpreted and applied subject to this Constitution, and, as far as is practicable, in such a way as to conform with it.
4 Interpretation of the Constitution
(1) The provisions of Schedule 1 (Rules for the Interpretation of the Constitution) apply for the purpose of the interpretation of this Constitution.
(2) In all cases, this Constitution shall be interpreted and applied consistently with the Principles set out in the Preamble.
(3) Subject to subsection (2), this Constitution shall be interpreted and applied in such a way as to achieve the aims of fair and democratic government, in the light of reason and experience and of Tuvaluan values. 
5 Jurisdiction of the High Court in constitutional matters 
The High Court has the jurisdiction in relation to the interpretation, application and enforcement of this Constitution conferred by:
(a) section 14 (Parliamentary declaration of purpose); and 
(b) Division 5 of Part II (Enforcement of the Bill of Rights);
(c) section 131 (constitutional interpretation), and otherwise by law.
DIVISION 3: ALTERATION OF THE CONSTITUTION
6 Interpretation of Division 3
In this Division, a reference to this Constitution includes a reference to any other law so far as that law alters the Constitution.
7 Alteration of the Constitution generally
(1) An Act of Parliament may alter this Constitution.
(2) A Bill for an Act to alter the Constitution must state that it is a Bill to alter this Constitution.
(3) Subject to:
(a) section 2(3) (which relates to alterations to the description of the land areas of Tuvalu); and
(b) section 8 (alterations to the Constitution to give effect to U.K. constitutional arrangements),
a Bill for an Act to alter this Constitution is not passed by Parliament unless it is supported at its final reading in Parliament by the votes of two-thirds of the total membership of Parliament.
(4) A Bill for an Act to alter this Constitution shall not be excluded from the operation of section 111(2) (which relates to the circulation of Bills to local governments and authorities).
8 Alteration of the Constitution to give effect to U.K. constitutional change
(1) If as a result of constitutional change in or in relation to, or affecting, the United Kingdom any provision of, or any reference in, this Constitution ceases to be appropriate, the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice	of the Cabinet, may, by order, make such alterations to this Constitution as appear to be necessary or convenient to adapt it to the new constitutional arrangements.
(2) An order under subsection (1):
(a) shall be presented to Parliament by the Prime Minister; and
(b) unless previously confirmed, with or without modification, by an Act of Parliament, expires at the end of the second session of Parliament that commences after it is made.
(3) The requirement of a special majority of votes under section 7(3) (which requires Bills to alter the Constitution to be passed by a two-thirds majority in Parliament) does not apply in relation to a Bill for the purposes of subsection (2)(b).
(4) A Bill for the purposes of subsection (2)(b) shall not be excluded from the operation of section 111(2) (which relates to the circulation of Bills to local governments).
PART II
BILL OF RIGHTS
DIVISION 1: PRELIMINARY
9 Interpretation of Part Il
(1) In this Part,
"court" means a court having jurisdiction in Tuvalu, including- (a) the Court of Appeal; and
(b) the Sovereign in Council,
but, except in sections 17 (personal liberty) and 18 (slavery and forced labour), does not include a court or tribunal established by a disciplinary law.
(2) In this Part, a reference to the national interest includes a reference to the public interest in:
(a) defence; or
(b) national security; or
(c) public safety; or
(d) public order; or
(e) the protection of the international standing and reputation of Tuvalu and its products (including the supply of labour overseas); or
(f) the protection and development of Tuvaluan values and culture.
(3) A reference in this Part to consent is a reference to consent whether express or implied.
(4) Where this Part requires or permits the consent of a person under the age of 18 years, the consent may be given on his behalf by one of his parents or guardians.
DIVISION 2: THE PRINCIPLES OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS
10 Freedom under law
(1) Freedom based on law consists of the least restriction on the activities of individuals consistent with the public welfare and the maintenance and development of Tuvalu and Tuvaluan society in accordance with this Constitution and, in particular, in accordance with the Principles set out in the Preamble.
 (2) Everyone has the right to freedom based on law, and accordingly, subject to this Constitution:
(a) everyone has the legal right to do anything that-
(i) does not injure others or interfere with the rights and freedoms of others; and
(ii) is not prohibited by law; and
(b) no-one may be:
(i) legally obliged to do anything that is not required by law; or
(ii) prevented by law from doing anything that complies with the provisions of paragraph (a).
(3) This section is not intended to deny the existence, nature or effect of cultural, social, civic, family or religious obligations, or other obligations of a non- legal nature, or to prevent such obligations being given effect by law if, and so far as, it may be thought appropriate to do so.
11 The fundamental human rights and freedoms
(1) Every person in Tuvalu is entitled, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, religious beliefs or lack of religious beliefs, or sex, to the following fundamental rights and freedoms:
(a) the right not to be deprived of life (see section 16); and
(b) personal liberty (see sections 17 and 18); and
(c) security for his person (see sections 18 and 19); and
(d) the protection of the law (see section 22); and
(e) freedom of belief (see section 23); and
(f) freedom of expression (see section 24); and
(g) freedom of assembly and association (see section 25); and
(h) protection for the privacy of his home and other property (see section 21); and
(i) protection from unjust deprivation of property (see section 20), and to other rights and freedoms set out in this Part or otherwise by law.
(2) The rights and freedoms referred to in subsection (1) can, in Tuvaluan society, be exercised only:
(a) with respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the national interest; and
(b) in acceptance of Tuvaluan values and culture, and with respect for them.
(3) The purpose of this Part is to protect those rights and freedoms, subject to limitations on them that are designed primarily to give effect to subsection (2).
12 Application of Part Il
(1) Each provision of this Part applies, as far as may be:
(a) between individuals as well as between governmental bodies and individuals; and
(b) to and in relation to corporations and associations (other than governmental bodies) in the same way as it applies to and in relation to individuals, except where, or to the extent that, the context requires otherwise.
(2) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any other law, any act that is done under a valid law but that in the particular case:
(a) is harsh or oppressive; or
(b) is not reasonable in the circumstances; or
(c) is otherwise not reasonably justifiable in a democratic society having a proper respect for human rights and dignity, is an unlawful act.
(3) The burden of showing that subsection (2) applies in respect of an act is on the party claiming that it does apply.
(4) Nothing in this section affects the operation of any other law under which an act may be held to be unlawful.
13 The Principles of the Preamble
The Principles set out in the Preamble are adopted as part of the basic law of Tuvalu, from which human rights and freedoms derive and on which they are based.
14 Parliamentary declarations of purpose
(1) When the purpose of an Act of Parliament is specifically declared in the Act, then in considering the possible effect on that Act of Division 3 (Protection of the Fundamental Rights and Freedoms) a court shall give due weight to that declaration as a statement of the considered opinion of Parliament.
(2) If an Act of Parliament specifically declares that a certain provision is required in the national interest, a court shall, subject to subsection (3), presume that the provision was reasonably required in the national interest.
(3) Subsection (2) does not apply if the High Court is satisfied that the provision could not reasonably be said to have been intended primarily to serve the national interest.
15 "Reasonably justifiable in a democratic society"
(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Part, other than: (a) section 33 (hostile disciplined forces); and (b) section 36 (restrictions on certain rights and freedoms during public emergencies), all laws, and all acts done under a law, must be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society that has a proper respect for human rights and dignity.
(2) Any question whether a law is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society that has a proper respect for human rights and dignity is to be determined in the light of the circumstances existing at the time when the decision on the question is made.
(3) Subsection (2) does not affect any question whether an act done under a law was reasonably justifiable in a democratic society that has a proper respect for human rights and dignity.
(4) A law may be declared not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society that has a proper respect for human rights and dignity only by the High Court or some other court prescribed for the purpose by or under an Act of Parliament.
(5) In determining whether a law or act is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society that has a proper respect for human rights and dignity, a court may have regard to:
(a) traditional standards, values and practices, as well as previous laws and judicial decisions, of Tuvalu; and
(b) law, practices and judicial decisions of other countries that the court reasonably regards as democratic; and
(c) international conventions, declarations, recommendations and judicial decisions concerning human rights; and
(d) any other matters that the court thinks relevant.
DIVISION 3: PROTECTION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
Subdivision A: Protection Generally
16 Life
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, and in particular to: (a) subsection (2); and
(b) section 32 (foreign disciplined forces); and
(c) section 33 (hostile disciplined forces), no-one shall be killed intentionally.
(2) A person shall not be considered to have been killed in contravention of this section if he dies as the result of the use, to such extent and in such circumstances as are permitted by law, of such force as is reasonably necessary-
(a) for the defence of any person from violence; or
(b) for the defence of property; or
(c) in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of any person lawfully detained; or
(d) for the purpose of suppressing a riot, rebellion or mutiny; or
(e) in order to prevent him from committing an offence, or if he dies as the result of a lawful act of war.
17 Personal liberty
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, and in particular to: (a) the succeeding provisions of this section; and
(b) section 31 (disciplined forces of Tuvalu); and
(c) section 32 (foreign disciplined forces); and
(d) section 33 (hostile disciplined forces); and
(e) section 36 (restrictions on certain rights and freedoms during public emergencies), no-one shall be detained except:
(f) with his consent; or
(g) as authorized by law in the cases set out in subsection (2). (2) Subsection (1) (g) applies in the following cases-
(a) in the case of a person under the age of 18 years: in the reasonable exercise of the authority of a parent, teacher or guardian, or under the order of a court for the purpose of his education, welfare or proper discipline; or
(b) under a warrant or order of a court; or
(c) for the purposes of extradition; or
(d) in order to bring the person before a court to be dealt with in accordance with law; or
(e) in the case of detention of a person on reasonable suspicion of his having committed, or being about to commit, an offence; or
(f) in the case of reasonable temporary detention of a person for the avoidance of actual or apprehended violence, disorder or breach of the peace; or
(g) in the case of reasonable temporary detention of a person so affected by drink or a drug to make detention desirable for his own protection or that of others; or
(h) in the case of detention of a person for quarantine or health purposes; or
(i) in the case of detention of a person under the laws relating to unlawful immigration or to deportation; or
(j) in the case of detention of a person incidental to the arrest or seizure of a vehicle, vessel or aircraft; or
(k) in the case of detention of a person as a prisoner of war or, subject to Division 4 (Public Emergencies), as a civil or military internee in time of war; or
(1) in the case of detention of a person required by and for the purposes of any international or multi-national convention, treaty or arrangement to which Tuvalu is a party and which is approved by Parliament, by resolution, for the purposes of this paragraph; or
(m) in the case of restrictions on liberty or detention of a person permitted by section 26 (freedom of movement) or Division 4 (Public Emergencies).
(3) A person who is detained shall be informed as soon as practicable, and in a language that he understands, of the reason for his detention.
(4) A person who is detained:
(a) for the purpose of bringing him before a court; or
(b) on reasonable suspicion of having committed, or being about to commit, an offence; or
(c) for temporary purposes, in accordance with subsection (2)(f) or (g), and who is not released, shall be brought without undue delay before a court, and unless the court, in accordance with law, orders his continued detention it shall order his release.
(5) If a person detained on suspicion of having committed an offence is not tried within a reasonable time, he shall be released either unconditionally or on reasonable conditions (including in particular conditions reasonably necessary to ensure that he appears for trial or for proceedings preliminary to trial).
(6) A release under subsection (5) does not prevent further proceedings being brought, in accordance with law, against the released person.
18 Slavery and forced labour
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, and in particular to: (a) the succeeding provisions of this section; and
(b) section 32 (foreign disciplined forces); and
(c) section 33 (hostile disciplined forces); and
(d) section 36 (restrictions on certain rights and freedoms during public emergencies), no-one shall:
(e) be held in slavery or servitude; or
(f) be required to perform forced labour.
(2) For the purposes of this section:
(a) slavery or servitude includes slavery or servitude within the meaning of any international or multinational convention or treaty prohibiting slavery or servitude to which Tuvalu is a party; and
(b) forced labour does not include:
(i) labour required by or in consequence of the sentence or order of a court; or
(ii) labour required in accordance with law of a person while he is lawfully detained that is reasonably necessary in the interests of hygiene or for the maintenance of the place where he is detained; or
(iii) labour required in accordance with law of a member of a disciplined force as a member of that force; or
(iv) in the case of a person who proves that he has a conscientious objection to compulsory service as a member of a naval, military or air force: labour which he is required by law to perform in place of such service; or
(v) labour required in accordance with law:
(A) during a period of public emergency within the meaning of
Division 4 (Public Emergencies); or
(B) in the event of any other emergency or calamity that threatens the life or well-being of the community or a part of the community, to the extent that the requirement is reasonably justified for the purpose of dealing with any situation arising or existing by reason of the public emergency or the other emergency or calamity; or
(vi) in the case of a person under the age of 18 years: labour required in the reasonable exercise of the authority of a parent, teacher or guardian; or
(vii) labour reasonably required as part of reasonable and normal traditional, communal or civic obligations, including any service required in accordance with section 23(7) (which relates to the performance of certain services instead of other traditional, etc., obligations).
19 In human treatment
Subject to the provisions of this Part, and in particular to: (a) section 32 (foreign disciplined forces); and (b) section 33 (hostile disciplined forces), no one shall:
(c) be tortured; or
(d) given inhuman or degrading punishment or treatment.
20 Property rights
(1) In this section:
"deprivation", in relation to any property, includes:
(a) the using or taking away of possession of it, or the exercise of rights over or in respect of it; and
(b) its destruction; and
(c) the making of it useless or valueless for the purposes for which it was used; and
(d) its transfer to another person;
"property" includes an interest in property, whether or not the interest was in existence immediately before the deprivation.
(2) Subject to the provisions of this Part, and in particular to: (a) section 31 (disciplined forces of Tuvalu); and
(b) section 32 (foreign disciplined forces); and
(c) section 33 (hostile disciplined forces), no-one shall be deprived of property except: (d) with his consent; or
(e) in accordance with the succeeding provisions of this section.
(3) The deprivation must be authorized by or under an Act of Parliament.
(4) The deprivation must be for a purpose declared by or under an Act of Parliament to be a public purpose.
(5) There must be a sufficient reason for the causing of any hardship that may result to any person having an interest in or a right over the property (whether the interest or right is present or future, actual or potential).
(6) Adequate compensation shall be promptly made.
(7) A person having an interest in or a right over the property (whether the interest or right is present or future, actual or potential) may apply to the High Court, or to any other court having jurisdiction in the matter, for the determination of:
(a) his interest or right; and
(b) the legality of the deprivation; and
(c) the compensation due under subsection (6), and for the purpose of obtaining prompt settlement of the compensation.
(8) For the purposes of subsections (6) and (7), compensation need not be wholly or even partly in money.
(9) Nothing in or done under a law shall be considered to be inconsistent with this section:
(a) to the extent that the law makes provision for deprivation of property:
(i) in satisfaction of any liability to taxation; or
(ii) by way of penalty for a breach of the law, or of forfeiture m consequence of a breach of the law; or
(iii) as an incident of:
(A) a permit, licence or other authority affecting the property; or
(B) the creation or acceptance of an interest in or over the property; or
(iv) in the execution of a judgment or an order of a court in proceedings for the determination of civil rights or obligations; or
(v) where it is reasonably necessary to do so because the property, or some other property, is or may be in a dangerous state or injuries to the health of humans, animals or plants; or
(vi) in consequence of a law relating to: (A) the limitation of actions; or
(B) acquisition by prescription or adverse possession, or any similar matter; or
(vii) for so long only as is necessary for the purposes of any examination, investigation, trial or inquiry; or
(viii) in the case of land: for so long only as is necessary for the carrying out on it of:
(A) work of conservation of natural resources; or
(B) work relating to agricultural development or improvement that the owner or occupier of the land has been required, in accordance with law, to carry out and has, without reasonable excuse, failed to carry out; or
(C) any survey to determine the existence or extent of mineral
(including petroleum) resources; or
(b) to the extent that the law makes provision for depriving a person of: 
(i) enemy property; or
(ii) property of:
(A) a deceased person; or
(B) a person of unsound mind; or
(C) a person who has not attained the age of 18 years; or
(D) a person who is absent from Tuvalu, for the purpose of its administration for the benefit of the persons entitled to the benefit of it; or
(iii) property of a person declared to be insolvent, or of a body corporate in liquidation, for the purposes of its administration for the benefit of:
(A) the creditors of the insolvent or body corporate; and
(B) subject to the interests of the creditors: the persons entitled to the benefit of it; or
(iv) property subject to a trust:
(A) for the purpose of vesting the property in the trustees of the property; or
(B) by order of a court: for the purpose of giving effect to the trust; or
(v) shares in a body corporate pursuant to any take-over bid, scheme of arrangement or in other similar circumstances.
(10) Nothing in this section prevents a body corporate established by a law from being deprived, in accordance with law, of any property by a person or governmental body who or which is the only investor in the body corporate.
21 Privacy of home and property
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, and in particular to: 
(a) subsection (2); and
b) section 31 (disciplined forces of Tuvalu); and
(c) section 32 (foreign disciplined forces); and
(d) section 33 (hostile disciplined forces); and
(e) section 36 (restrictions on certain rights and freedoms during public emergencies),
except with his consent no-one shall be subjected to:
(f) the search of his person; or (g) the search of his property; or (h) entry by others on his property.
(2) Nothing in or done under a law shall be considered to be inconsistent with this section to the extent that the law makes provision for search or entry for a purpose declared by or under an Act of Parliament to be a public purpose for the purposes of this section, or:
(a) for the purpose of protecting the rights or freedoms of others; or
(b) for the purpose of authorizing an officer or agent of: (i) a governmental body; or
(ii) a body corporate established by law for a public purpose, to enter on the property of any person:
(iii) in order to inspect the property or anything on it for the purposes of any law providing for taxation; or
(iv) in order to carry out any work connected with any thing that is lawfully on the property and that belongs to the governmental body or body corporate, as the case may be; or
(c) for the purpose of authorizing the entry on any property un der an order of a court for the purpose of enforcing a judgment or order of a court; or
(d) for the purpose of authorizing the entry on any property for the purpose of:
(i) preventing or detecting the commission of an offence; or
(ii) administering, policing or enforcing a law (including a revenue law); or
(e) as permitted by section 20 (property rights).
22 Protection of law
(1) This section shall be read subject to the provisions of this Part, and m particular to:
(a) section 31 (disciplined forces of Tuvalu); and
(b) section 32 (foreign disciplined forces); and
(c) section 33 (hostile disciplined forces).
(2) If a person is charged with an offence, unless the charge is withdrawn he shall be given a fair hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial court established by law.
(3) A person charged with an offence:
(a) subject to subsection (14)(a), shall be presumed to be innocent until- (i) he is proved guilty; or
(ii) he has pleaded guilty and the plea has been accepted by the court; and
(b) shall be informed as soon as practicable, in detail and in a language that he understands, of the precise nature and particulars of the offence charged, and if the information is not given in writing it shall be confirmed in writing as soon as practicable; and
(c) shall be given adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence, including time to study and fully understand the precise charge against him, and its possible consequences; and
(d) shall be given reasonable facilities to consult, at his own expense, a representative of his own choice; and
(e) shall be permitted to defend himself before the court in person or, at his own expense, by a representative of his own choice; and
(f) subject to subsection (14)(b), shall be given adequate facilities:
(i) to examine, in person or by his representative, the witnesses called before the court by the prosecution; and
(ii) to obtain the attendance and carry out the examination of witnesses to testify on his behalf before the court on conditions no less advantageous than those applying to witnesses called by the prosecution; and
(g) shall be permitted to have without payment the assistance of a competent interpreter, if he cannot adequately understand the language used at the trial or any part of the trial.
(4) Except with his consent, the trial shall not take place in his absence unless:
(a) he behaves in such a way as to make it impracticable or unreasonable to continue the proceedings in his presence; and
(b) the court orders his removal and the continuance of the trial in his absence.
(5) When a person is tried for an offence, the accused person or a person authorized by him for the purpose is entitled, on request and on payment of such reasonable fee (if any) as is prescribed, to be given within a reasonable time after judgment a copy, for the use of the accused person, of any record of the proceedings made by or on behalf of the court.
 (6) No-one shall be convicted of an offence on account of an act that was not, at the time of the doing of the act, an offence or a legal element of an offence.
(7) No penalty shall be imposed for an offence that is more severe in amount or in kind than the maximum that might have been imposed for the offence at the time when it was committed.
(8) Subject to subsection (14)(c), no-one who shows that he has been tried for an offence by a competent court and was either:
(a) convicted; or
(b) acquitted, shall again be tried for:
(c) the same offence; or
(d) any other offence of which he could have been convicted at the trial of that offence, except on the order of a superior court in the course of appeal or review proceedings relating to the conviction or acquittal.
(9) No-one shall be tried for an offence if he shows that: (a) he has been pardoned for the offence; and
(b) if the pardon was a conditional pardon, he has complied with the conditions of the pardon. 
(10) No-one who is tried for an offence shall be compelled to give evidence at the trial.
(11) A court or other adjudicating authority prescribed by law for the determination of the existence or extent of a civil right or obligation shall be-
(a) established or recognised by law; and
(b) independent and impartial, and where proceedings for such a determination are instituted by a person before such a court or authority the case shall be given a fair hearing within a reasonable time.
(12) Subject to subsection (13), except with the consent of all the parties to the proceedings:
(a) all proceedings before a court; and
(b) all proceedings before any other adjudicating authority for the determination of the existence or extent of any civil right or obligation, including the announcement of the decision, shall be held in public.
(13) Subsection (12) does not prevent the court or other authority from excluding from the proceedings persons other than the parties, and the representatives in the proceedings of the parties, to such extent as the court or authority:
 (a) is by law empowered to do so and thinks it necessary or desirable to do so-
(i) if publicity would not be in the interests of justice; or
(ii) in interlocutory proceedings, that is to say, in proceedings of a kind described in subsection (16); or
(iii) in the interests of: (A) decency; or
(B) public morality; or
(C) the welfare of persons under the age of 18 years; or
(D) the protection of the privacy of persons concerned in the proceedings; or
(b) is by law empowered or required to do so in the interests of: (i) defence; or
(ii) public safety; or
(iii) public order.
(14) Nothing in or done under a law shall be considered to be inconsistent with:
(a) subsection (3)(a): to the extent that the law imposes upon a person charged with an offence the burden of proving or disproving certain facts which are particularly within his knowledge or his capacity to prove or disprove; or
(b) subsection (3)(f): to the extent that the law imposes reasonable conditions that must be satisfied if witnesses called on behalf of an accused person are to be paid expenses out of public funds; or
(c) subsection (8): subject to subsection (15), to the extent that the law authorizes a court to try a member of a disciplined force even though he has been tried and either:
(i) convicted; or
(ii) acquitted,
under the disciplinary law of that force.
(15) In a case to which subsection 14(c) applies, the court that tries the member shall, in sentencing him to punishment, take into account any punishment given to him under the disciplinary law.
(16) In subsection (13)(a)(ii), "interlocutory proceedings" refers to any judicial proceedings that:
(a) occur during or for the purposes of some other legal proceedings (referred to in this subsection as "the principal proceedings"); and
(b) are incidental to the principal proceedings; and
(c) do not finally dispose of the principal proceedings.
23 Freedom of belief
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, and in particular to: (a) the succeeding provisions of this section; and
(b) section 29 (protection of Tuvaluan values, etc.); and
(c) section 31 (disciplined forces of Tuvalu); and
(d) section 32 (foreign disciplined forces); and
(e) section 33 (hostile disciplined forces); and
(f) section 36 (restrictions on certain rights and freedoms during public emergencies), except with his consent no-one shall be hindered in the exercise of his freedom of belief.
(2) For the purposes of this section, freedom of belief includes: (a) freedom of thought, religion and belief; and
(b) freedom to change religion or belief; and
(c) freedom, either alone or with others, to show and to spread, both in public and in private, a religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance.
(3) A religious community is entitled, at its own expense: (a) to establish and maintain places of education; and
(b) subject to the maintenance of any minimum prescribed educational standards, to manage any place of education that it wholly maintains; and
(c) subject to subsection (4), to provide religious instruction for members of the community in the course of any education that it provides.
(4) Except with his consent, no-one attending a place of education shall be required-
(a) to receive religious instruction; or
(b) to take part in or attend a religious ceremony or observance, if the instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion or belief other than his own.
(5) No-one shall be compelled:
(a) to take an oath or make an affirmation that is contrary to his religion or belief; or
(b) to take an oath or make an affirmation in any manner that is contrary to his religion or belief.
(6) Nothing in or done under a law shall be considered to be inconsistent with this section to the extent that the law makes provision which is reasonably required-
 (a) in the interests of:
(i) defence; or
(ii) public safety; or
(iii) public order; or
(iv) public morality; or
(v) public health; or
(b) for the purpose of protecting the rights or freedoms of other persons, including the right to observe and practise any religion or belief without the unsolicited intervention of members of any other religion or belief.
(7) Nothing in or done under a law shall be considered to be inconsistent with this section to the extent that the law makes reasonable provision:
(a) requiring a person who proves that he has a conscientious objection to performing some reasonable and normal traditional, communal or civic obligation, or to performing it at a particular time or in a particular way, to perform instead, some reasonably equivalent service of benefit to the community; or
(b) for the exclusion of such a person and his household from any benefit arising out of the performance of those obligations by others until the equivalent service has been performed.
(8) The protection given by this section to freedom of religion or belief applies equally to freedom not to have or hold a particular religion or belief, or any religion or belief.
(9) A reference in this section to a religion includes a reference to a religious denomination and to the beliefs of a religion or religious denomination.
24 Freedom of expression
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, and in particular to: (a) subsection (3); and
(b) section 29 (protection of Tuvaluan values, etc.); and
(c) section 30 (provisions relating to certain officials); and
(d) section 31 (disciplined forces of Tuvalu); and
(e) section 32 (foreign disciplined forces); and
(f) section 33 (hostile disciplined forces); and
(g) section 36 (restrictions on certain rights and liberties during public emergencies), except with his consent no-one shall be hindered in the exercise of his freedom of expression.
(2) For the purposes of this section, freedom of expression includes:
 (a) freedom to hold opinions without interference; and
(b) freedom to receive ideas and information without interference; and
(c) freedom to communicate ideas and information without interference; and
(d) freedom from interference with correspondence.
(3) Nothing in or done under a law shall be considered to be inconsistent with subsection (1) to the extent that the law makes provision:
(a) in the interests of: 
(i) defence; or
(ii) public safety; or
(iii) public order; or
(iv) public morality; or
(v) public health; or
(b) for the purpose of:
(i) protecting the reputations, rights or freedoms of other persons; or
(ii) protecting the privacy of persons concerned in legal proceedings; or
(iii) preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence; or
(iv) maintaining the authority or independence of the courts; or
(v) regulating the administration or the technical operation of posts or telecommunications.
25 Freedom of assembly and association
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part and in particular to: (a) subsection (3); and
(b) section 29 (protection of Tuvaluan values, etc.); and
(c) section 30 (provisions relating to certain officials); and
(d) section 31 (disciplined forces of Tuvalu); and
(e) section 32 (foreign disciplined forces); and
(f) section 33 (hostile disciplined forces); and
(g) section 36 (restrictions on certain rights and freedoms during public emergencies), except with his consent no-one shall be hindered in the exercise of his freedom of assembly and association.
(2) For the purposes of this section, freedom of assembly and association includes:
(a) the right to assemble freely and to associate with other persons; and
(b) the right to form or belong to political parties; and
(c) the right, as regulated by law, to form or belong to trade unions or other associations for the protection or advancement of one's interests.
(3) Nothing in or done under a law shall be considered to be inconsistent with subsection (1) to the extent that the law makes provision:
(a) in the interests of: 
(i) defence; or
(ii) public safety; or
(iii) public order; or
(iv) public morality; or
(v) public health; or
(b) for the purpose of protecting the rights or freedoms of other persons.
26 Freedom of movement
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, and in particular to: (a) the succeeding provisions of this section; and
(b) section 30 (provisions relating to certain officials); and
(c) section 31 (disciplined forces of Tuvalu); and
(d) section 32 (foreign disciplined forces); and
(e) section 33 (hostile disciplined forces); and
(f) section 36 (restrictions on certain rights and freedoms during public emergencies), no-one shall be deprived of:
(g) the right to move freely throughout Tuvalu; or
(h) the right to reside anywhere in Tuvalu; or
(i) the right to enter and to leave Tuvalu, and no-one shall be expelled from Tuvalu.
(2) No restriction on the rights of a person under subsection (1) that is involved in his lawful detention shall be considered to be inconsistent with that subsection.
(3) Nothing in or done under a law shall be considered to be inconsistent with subsection (1) to the extent that the law makes provision:
(a) in respect of:
(i) the entry into Tuvalu of a person who is nota citizen of Tuvalu; or
 (ii) the movement within Tuvalu of a person referred to in subparagraph (i); or
(iii) the residence in Tuvalu of a person referred to in subparagraph
(i); or
(iv) the exclusion or expulsion from Tuvalu of a person referred to in subparagraph (i); or
(b) for the imposition of restrictions on:
(i) the movement within Tuvalu, or the residence in Tuvalu, of any person; or
(ii) the right of any person to leave Tuvalu, that are reasonably required in the interests of: (iii) defence; or
(iv) public safety; or
(v) public order; or
(c) for the imposition of restrictions on:
(i) the movement within, Tuvalu or the residence in Tuvalu; or
(ii) the right to leave Tuvalu,
of persons generally or of any class of persons, being restrictions that are reasonably required in the interests of:
(iii) defence; or
(iv) public safety; or
(v) public order; or
(vi) public morality; or
(vii) public health; or
(viii) conservation of the environment; or
(d) imposing restrictions on:
(i) the movement within Tuvalu; or
(ii) the residence in any part of Tuvalu,
of any class of person where such restrictions are reasonably required to meet the special circumstances of a part of Tuvalu, for example:
(iii) overcrowding or potential overcrowding; or
(iv) a shortage or potential shortage of resources; or
(v) the disruption or potential disruption of the local economy, ecology or distinctive culture; or
(e) for the imposition of restrictions on the use of any land in Tuvalu; or
(f) for the imposition of restrictions on the right of any person to leave, or move within, Tuvalu, in order to secure the fulfilment of any obligation imposed on him by law; or
(g) for the imposition of restrictions on the movement within Tuvalu, or the residence in Tuvalu, of a person in circumstances that would justify depriving him of his liberty under section 17 (personal liberty).
(4) If a person whose rights under subsection (1) have been restricted by virtue only of a law to which subsection (3)(b) applies so requests at any time:
(a) during the period of restriction; and
(b) not earlier than six months after he last made such a request during that period, his case shall be reviewed by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law and presided over by a person who:
(c) is qualified to practise before the High Court; and
(d) is appointed by the Chief Justice for the purpose.
(5) On a review under subsection (4) the tribunal may make to the appropriate authority recommendations concerning the necessity or desirability of continuing the restriction, but unless it is otherwise provided by law that authority is not obliged to act in accordance with any such recommendation.
27 Freedom from discrimination
(1) In this section, discrimination refers to the treatment of different people in different ways wholly or mainly because of their different-
(a) races; or
(b) places of origin; or
(c) political opinions; or
(d) colours; or
(e) religious beliefs or lack of religious beliefs, in such a way that one such person is for some such reason given more favourable treatment or less favourable treatment than another such person.
(2) Subject to the provisions of this Part, and in particular to: (a) the succeeding provisions of this section; and
(b) section 31 (disciplined forces of Tuvalu); and
(c) section 32 (foreign disciplined forces); and
(d) section 33 (hostile disciplined forces); and
(e) section 36 (restrictions on certain rights and freedoms during public emergencies), no-one shall be treated in a discriminatory manner.
(3) Subsection (2) does not apply to a law so far as it makes provision:

 (a) for the imposition of taxation by the Government or a local government or authority; or
(b) the spending of money by the Government or a local government or authority; or
(c) with respect to persons who are not citizens of Tuvalu; or
(d) in respect of:
(i) adoption: or 
(ii) marriage; or
(iii) divorce; or 
iv) burial; or
(v) any other such matter, in accordance with the personal law, beliefs or customs of any person or group; or
(e) in relation to land; or
(f) by which any person or group may be given favourable treatment or unfavourable treatment which, having regard to the nature of the treatment and to any special circumstances of the person or group, is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society having a proper respect for human rights and dignity.
(4) Nothing in a law shall be considered to be inconsistent with subsection (2) to the extent that it makes provision for:
(a) standards or qualifications (not specifically related to any matter referred to in subsection (l)(a)-(e)) for appointment to any office or position in:
(i) a State Service; or
(ii) a disciplined force; or
(iii) the service of a local government or authority; or
(iv) a body corporate established by law for a public purpose, or the service of such a body; or
(b) localization within the meaning of section 142 (localization).
(5) Subsection (2) does not affect the exercise of any discretion relating to the institution, conduct or discontinuance in a court of any proceedings that is vested in any person or authority by or under this Constitution or any other law.
(6) Nothing in or done under a law shall be considered to be inconsistent with subsection (2) to the extent that the law provides that any person may be subjected to any restriction on the rights and freedoms guaranteed by:
(a) section 21 (privacy of home and property); and
(b) section 23 (freedom of belief); and
 (c) section 24 (freedom of expression); and
(d) section 25 (freedom of assembly and association); and
(e) section 26 (freedom of movement); and (f) section 28 (other rights and freedoms), to the extent authorized by that section.
(7) Subject to section 12(2) (which relates to harsh, oppressive or otherwise unlawful acts) and 15 (definition of "reasonably justifiable in a democratic society") and to any other law, no act that:
(a) is in accordance with Tuvaluan custom; and
(b) is reasonable in the circumstances, shall be considered to be inconsistent with subsection (2).
(8) Nothing in or done under a law shall be considered to be inconsistent with subsection (2):
(a) if the law was in force in Tuvalu immediately before the date on which this Constitution took effect; or
(b) to the extent that the law repeals and re-enacts any provision that has been contained in a law in force in Tuvalu at all times since that date.
28 Other rights and freedoms
The fact that certain rights and freedoms are referred to in this Constitution does not mean that there may not be other rights and freedoms retained by the people or conferred by law.
Subdivision B: Special Exceptions
29 Protection of Tuvaluan values, etc.
(1) The Preamble acknowledges that Tuvalu is an Independent State based on Christian principles, the Rule of Law, Tuvaluan values, culture and tradition, and respect for human dignity.
(2) This includes recognition of:
(a) the right to worship, or not to worship, in whatever way the conscience of the individual tells him; and
(b) the right to hold, to receive and to communicate opinions, ideas and information.
(3) Within Tuvalu, the freedoms of the individual can only be exercised having regard to the rights or feelings of other people, and to the effect on society.
(4) It may therefore be necessary in certain circumstances to regulate or place some restrictions on the exercise of those rights, if their exercise:
 (a) may be divisive, unsettling or offensive to the people; or
(b) may directly threaten Tuvaluan values or culture.
(5) Subject to section 15 (definition of "reasonably justifiable in a democratic society") nothing contained in a law or done under a law shall be considered to be inconsistent with section 23 (freedom of belief) or 24 (freedom of expression) to the extent that the law makes provision regulating or placing restrictions on any exercise of the right:
(a) to spread beliefs; or
(b) to communicate opinions, ideas and information, if the exercise of that right may otherwise conflict with subsection (4).
30 Provisions relating to certain officials
(1) Subject to section 15 (definition of "reasonably justifiable in a democratic society") nothing in:
(a) section 24 (freedom of expression); or
(b) section 25 (freedom of assembly and association); or
(c) section 26 (freedom of movement),
prevents the inclusion in the terms and conditions of employment of any member of a State Service of reasonable requirements, related to his office or position in that Service, as to:
(d) his communications or associations with other persons; or
(e) his movements or residence.
(2) The terms and conditions of employment referred to in subsection (1) include:
(a) all terms and conditions that are applicable to or in relation to a member of a State Service while he is a member of the Service; and
(b) all terms and conditions related to membership of the service that are applicable to or in relation to a former member of a State Service; and
(c) all terms and conditions of a kind referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) that are applicable to or in relation to him because of his consent.
(3) Subsection (1) and (2) apply whether a term or condition of employment is contained in:
(a) a contract or agreement of employment (whether written or oral); or
(b) an Act of Parliament, or any regulation or other subsidiary legislation made under an Act; or
(c) general administrative orders or any similar instruction or instrument, that is applicable to or in relation to him.
31 Disciplined forces of Tuvalu
Subject to section 15 (definition of "reasonably justifiable in a democratic society"), in relation to a person who is a member of a disciplined force of Tuvalu nothing contained in or done under the disciplinary law of that force shall be considered to be inconsistent with any provision of Subdivision A of this Division, other than:
(a) section 16 (life); or
(b) section 18 (slavery and forced labour); or
(c) section 19 (inhuman treatment).
32 Foreign disciplined forces
In relation to a person who:
(a) is a member of a disciplined force of a foreign country or is, as recognized by or under an Act of Parliament, a person otherwise subject to the disciplinary law of such a force; and
(b) is present in Tuvalu under arrangements made between the Government of Tuvalu and the Government of another country or an international organization, nothing contained in the disciplinary law of that force shall be considered to be inconsistent with any provision of this Part.
33 Hostile disciplined forces
Nothing done in relation to a person who is a member of a disciplined force of a country with which Tuvalu is at war, and no law, to the extent that it authorizes the doing of any such thing shall be considered to be inconsistent with any provision of this Part.
DIVISION 4: PUBLIC EMERGENCIES
34 Interpretation of Division 4
In this Division:
"period of public emergency" means a period throughout which: 
(a) Tuvalu is at war; or 
(b) there is in effect a proclamation under section 35 (declaration of public emergency).
35 Declaration of public emergency
(1) The Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister, may by proclamation declare that a state of public emergency exists in Tuvalu, or in a part of Tuvalu specified in the proclamation.
(2) Unless earlier revoked, a proclamation under subsection (1) lapses at the expiration of:
(a) three days; or
(b) if it was made when Parliament is not meeting: 14 days, after the date on which it is made, unless it is approved in the meantime by Parliament by resolution.
(3) An approval under subsection (2) remains in force for such period, not exceeding six months, as is specified in the resolution granting the approval, and may be extended by further resolution from time to time for such period or periods, each not exceeding six months, as is or are specified in any such further resolution or resolutions.
36 Restrictions on certain rights and freedoms during public emergencies
Nothing in or done under a law shall be considered to be inconsistent with- (a) section 16 (life); or
(b) section 17 (personal liberty); or
(c) section 21 (privacy of home and property); or
(d) section 23 (freedom of belief); or
(e) section 24 (freedom of expression); or
(f) section 25 (freedom of assembly and association); or
(g) section 26 (freedom of movement); or
(h) section 27 (freedom from discrimination), to the extent that the law:
(i) makes any provision, in relation to a period of public emergency; or
U) authorizes the doing, during any such period, of any thing that is reasonably justifiable for the purpose of dealing with any situation that arises or exists during that period.
37 Detention during public emergencies
(1) If a person is detained by virtue of a law authorized only by section 3 6 (restrictions on certain rights and freedoms during public emergencies)-
(a) he shall, as soon as practicable and in any case not more than 10 days after the beginning of his detention, be furnished with a written statement, in a language that he understands, stating in detail the grounds on which he is detained; and
(b) not more than 14 days after the beginning of his detention a notice shall be published:
(i) in the manner prescribed for the publication of subordinate legislation; and
(ii) in such other manner (if any) as is directed by the Chief Justice; and
(c) not more than one month after the beginning of his detention, and afterwards at intervals of not more than six months, his case shall be reviewed by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law and presided over by a person who:
(i) is qualified to practise before the High Court; and
(ii) is appointed by the Chief Justice for the purpose; and
(d) he shall be given reasonable facilities to consult, at his own expense, a representative of his own choice, who shall be permitted to advise and assist him and to make representations to the tribunal; and
(e) at the hearing of the case he shall be permitted to appear in person or, at his own expense, by a representative of his own choice.
(2) On a review under subsection (1)(c), the tribunal may make recommendations to the authority that detained him concerning the necessity or desirability of continuing the detention, but unless it is otherwise provided by law that authority is not obliged to act in accordance with any such recommendation.
(3) A failure to comply with subsection (1)(b) does not invalidate the detention.
DIVISION 5: ENFORCEMENT OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS
38 Application for enforcement of the Bill of Rights
(1) In accordance with any rules of court made for the purposes of this Division, if any person claims that any of the provisions of this Part:
(a) has been; or
(b) is being; or
(c) is likely to be,
contravened or not complied with in relation to him, he may apply to the High Court under this Division.
(2) In the case of a person who is being detained, an application under subsection
(1) may be made:
(a) by the person himself; or
(b) by any other person on his behalf.
(3) Nothing in subsection (1) or (2) prevents any other action that may be taken under any other law in respect of the contravention.
39 Questions as to the Bill of Rights arising in subordinate courts
If in any proceedings in a subordinate court a question arises as to a contravention of any of the provisions of this Part, the court may, and shall if a party to the proceedings so requests, refer the question to the High Court unless, in the opinion of the court, the question raised is frivolous or vexatious.
40 Jurisdiction of the High Court as to the Bill of Rights
(1) The High Court has original jurisdiction:
(a) to determine any application made under section 38 (application for enforcement of the Bill of Rights); and
(b) to determine any question referred to it under section 39 (questions as to the Bill of Rights arising in subordinate courts), and may make any orders, issue any writs and give any directions that it thinks appropriate for enforcing or securing the enforcement of this Part.
(2) The High Court may refuse to exercise its powers under subsection (1) if it is satisfied that adequate means of redress for the alleged contravention are or have been reasonably available to the person concerned under any other law.
41 Appeals as to the Bill of Rights
(1) Subject to subsection (2), an appeal may be made, in accordance with Part VII (The Courts), against any determination of the High Court under this Division.
(2) There is no appeal against a determination dismissing an application on the ground that it is frivolous or vexatious.
42 Additional powers of the High Court as to the Bill of Rights
An Act of Parliament may confer on the High Court powers, additional to those conferred by the preceding provisions of this Division, for the purpose of enabling the Court to exercise more effectively the jurisdiction conferred on it by this Division.
PART Ill
CITIZENSHIP
43 Interpretation of Part Ill
(1) For the purposes of this Part, a person born on board: (a) a registered vessel or aircraft; or
(b) an unregistered vessel or aircraft of the Government of any country, shall be considered to have been born:
(c) in the place where the vessel or aircraft was registered; or
(d) in that country, as the case may be.
(2) For the purposes of this Part, a foundling discovered at any time in Tuvalu shall, in the absence of proof to the contrary, be considered to have been born in Tuvalu.
44 Initial citizenship under the Constitution
Every person who, immediately before the date on which this Constitution took effect, was a citizen of Tuvalu by virtue of:
(a) Chapter III (Citizenship) of the Independence Constitution; or
(b) the Citizenship Ordinance 1979, is as at that date a citizen of Tuvalu for the purposes of this Constitution.
45 Citizenship by birth
(1) Subject to subsections (3) and (4), a person born in Tuvalu on or after the date on which this Constitution took effect is a citizen of Tuvalu by birth.
(2) A person born outside Tuvalu on or after the date on which this Constitution took effect is a citizen of Tuvalu by birth if on the date of his birth either of his parents is, or would but for his death have been, a citizen of Tuvalu.
(3) Subject to subsection (5), a person does not become a citizen of Tuvalu by virtue of subsection (1) if at the time of his birth:
(a) neither of his parents was a citizen of Tuvalu; and
(b) his father had the privileges and immunities of an envoy to Tuvalu from a country with which Tuvalu had diplomatic relations.
(4) Subject to subsection (5), a person does not become a citizen of Tuvalu by virtue of subsection (1) if at the time of his birth:
 (a) his father was a citizen of a country with which Tuvalu was at war; and
(b) the birth occurred in a place in Tuvalu occupied by that country.
(5) In the case of a person who was born out of wedlock, a reference m subsection (3) or (4) to his father shall be read as a reference to his mother.
46 Citizenship by marriage under the Constitution
(1) Subject to subsection (2), a person who, on or after the date on which this Constitution took effect, marries a person who is or becomes a citizen of Tuvalu is entitled, on making application in such manner as is prescribed by law, to be registered as a citizen of Tuvalu.
(2) The right conferred by subsection (1) may be made subject to such exceptions and qualifications as are declared by law to be in the interests of national security or public policy.
47 Laws as to citizenship
(1) An Act of Parliament may make provision:
(a) for the acquisition of citizenship of Tuvalu by persons who are not otherwise eligible to become citizens of Tuvalu by virtue of this Part; or
(b) for the renunciation by any person of his citizenship of Tuvalu; or
(c) for the maintenance of a register of citizens of Tuvalu who are also citizens or nationals of another country; or
(d) subject to subsection (2), for depriving any person of his citizenship of Tuvalu,
and generally for carrying into effect the purposes of this Part. (2) Subsection (!)(d) does not apply to a person who:
(a) became a citizen automatically on Independence Day, by virtue of section 19 (persons who became citizens on Independence Day) of the Independence Constitution; or
(b) became a citizen by birth under:
(i) section 22 (persons born in Tuvalu after the day prior to Independence Day) of the Independence Constitution; or
(ii) section 23 (persons born outside Tuvalu after the day prior to independence Day) of the Independence Constitution; or
(iii) section 45 (citizenship by birth) of this Constitution.
PART IV
THE SOVEREIGN AND THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL
DIVISION 1: THE SOVEREIGN
48 The Sovereign of Tuvalu
(1) Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, by the grace of God Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ire land and of Her Other Realms and Possessions, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, having at the request of the people of Tuvalu graciously consented, is the Sovereign of Tuvalu and, in accordance with this Constitution, the Head of State
(2) The Royal Style and Titles are as determined by Act of Parliament. 
49 Succession to the Crown
The provisions of this Constitution referring to the Sovereign extend, in accordance with section 13 (references to the Sovereign of Tuvalu) of Schedule 1, to the Heirs and Successors of the Sovereign according to law.
DIVISION 2: FUNCTIONS OF THE HEAD OF STATE
50 The office of Head of State
In addition to the other functions of the office, the office of Head of State is a symbol of the unity and identity of Tuvalu, and the Head of State is entitled to proper respect accordingly.
51 Functions, etc., of the Head of State generally
(1) The only privileges and functions of the Head of State are those prescribed as such.
(2) Subject to this Constitution and to any Act of Parliament, the privileges and functions of the Sovereign as Head of State may be had and performed through a Governor-General appointed in accordance with Division 3 (the Governor-General) and, except where the context requires otherwise, references in any law to the Head of State shall be read as including a reference to the Governor-General.
52 Performance of functions by the Head of State
(1) Subject to section 17 (impracticability of obtaining advice, etc.) of Schedule
1, in the performance of his functions under this Constitution or any other law the Head of State shall act only in accordance with the advice of:
(a) the Cabinet; or
(b) the Prime Minister or another Minister acting under the general or special authority of the Cabinet,
except where he is required to act:
(c) in accordance with the advice of any other person or authority (in which case he shall act only in accordance with that advice); or
(d) after consultation with any person or authority, including the Cabinet
(in which case he shall act only after such consultation); or
(e) in his own deliberate judgment (in which case he shall exercise an independent discretion), or where this Constitution obliges or specifically permits him to act in a particular way. 
(2) When the Head of State is required or permitted by this Constitution or any other law to act in accordance with the advice of, or after consultation with, any person or authority, no question:
(a) whether he received the advice; or
(b) whether he has the consultation and the nature of the consultation; or
(c) what advice (if any) he was given; or
(d) by whom he was advised or whom he consulted, shall be considered in any court.
53 Failure by the Head of State to act
(1) Subject to subsection (2), if:
(a) the Head of State is required by this Constitution or by or under an Act of Parliament to perform any function in accordance with the advice of any person or authority; and
(b) he does not so act within a period of seven days after the advice is received by him, or by a person authorized by him to receive such advice, he shall be considered to have acted in accordance with the advice. (2) If the person or authority giving the advice:
(a) certifies to the Head of State that the matter is urgent; and
(b) requests him to act in accordance with the advice within a specified period of less than seven days, the reference in subsection (1) to a period of seven days shall be read as a reference to that specified period. 
(3) If the Head of State is required by this Constitution or by or under an Act of Parliament to perform any function otherwise than:
(a) in accordance with the advice of any person or authority; or
(b) in his own deliberate judgment, and if at any time after the occasion for the performance of the function has arisen he has not so acted he shall be considered to have acted as required. 
(4) An Act of Parliament may make provision as to the proof of matters referred to in this section, and of acts considered to have been done by virtue of this section.
DIVISION 3: THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL
54 Establishment of office of Governor-General
(1) An office of Governor-General of Tuvalu is established.
(2) The Governor-General is the representative of the Sovereign.
55 Appointment, etc., of the Governor-General
(1) The Governor-General shall be appointed, and may be removed from office at any time (with or without cause), by the Sovereign, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister given after the Prime Minister has, in confidence, consulted the members of Parliament.
(2) A person is not qualified to be appointed Governor-General unless: (a) he has attained the age of 50 years; and
(b) he has not attained the age of 65 years; and
(c) he is otherwise qualified to be elected as a member of Parliament. (3) The Governor-General vacates his office:
(a) on death; or
(b) if he is removed from office under subsection (1); or
(c) when he attains the age of 65 years; or
(d) subject to subsection (4), if he resigns by notice in writing to the Speaker; or
(e) if he ceases to be otherwise qualified to be elected as a member of Parliament; or
(f) at the end of the period of four years after the date of his appointment.
 (4) A resignation under subsection (3)(d) takes effect on the day on which it is received by the Speaker, or on such later date as is agreed between the Governor-General and the Prime Minister.
56 Acting Governor-General
(1) Where:
(a) the office of Governor-General is vacant; or
(b) the Governor-General is:
(i) absent from Tuvalu; or
(ii) for any other reason unable to perform any of the functions of his office, the functions of the Governor-General or the relevant parts of those functions shall be performed by:
(c) a person appointed in accordance with subsection (2); or
(d) in the absence of a person appointed in accordance with subsection (2) who is able to perform those functions: the Speaker.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (l)(c), an appointment shall be made in the same way as the appointment of a Governor-General under section 55 (appointment, etc., of Governor-General,) and the provisions of that section, with the necessary modifications, apply, provided that any oath or affirmation required under section 57 (oaths and affirmation by the Governor-General, etc) may be taken or made before the Governor-General.
(3) No question whether the need for the performance of any function of the Governor-General by another person (including the Speaker) in accordance with subsection (1) has arisen, or has ceased, shall be considered in any court.
57 Oaths and affirmation by the Governor-General, etc.
(1) Before entering on the duties of his office the Governor-General shall take an oath, or make an affirmation, of allegiance, and take the relevant oath, or make the relevant affirmation, of office, in the forms respectively set out in Schedule 4, and before performing under section 56(1) (acting Governor- General) any of the functions of the Governor-General the person referred to in section 56(1)(c) (which relates to the appointment of an acting Governor- General) or the Speaker, as the case may be, shall do the same.
(2) The oaths and affirmations shall be taken or made before the Chief Justice or a person appointed by the Chief Justice for the purpose.
58 Performance of functions by the Governor-General
(1) Subject to any Act of Parliament, the Governor-General shall perform the functions of the Head of State when the Sovereign is:
(a) outside Tuvalu; or (b) incapacitated; or (c) under age.
(2) No question whether the conditions prescribed by or under subsection (1) apply shall be considered in any court.
(3) No question whether in performing a function as Head of State the Governor- General is acting in accordance with the will, opinion or decision of the Sovereign shall be considered in any court, and:
(a) except to the extent implied by sections 55 (appointment, etc., of Governor-General) and 56 (acting Governor-General) the Sovereign has no power to give directions to the Governor-General; and
(b) there is no right of appeal or petition to the Sovereign from or against the performance of a function by the Governor-General.
59	Provision to the Governor-General of information as to the conduct of government
The Governor-General, as the representative of the Sovereign, is entitled:
(a) to be informed by the Prime Minister concerning the general conduct of the government of Tuvalu; and
(b) to be given by the Prime Minister any information that he asks for with respect to any particular matter relating to the government of Tuvalu.
60 Performance of certain ceremonial, etc., functions
(1) With the approval of the Prime Minister, the Governor-General may authorize a person to perform, on his behalf and in his name, any of the ceremonial or formal functions of the Head of State or of the Governor-General.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to:
(a) any function conferred by this Constitution on the Head of State or on the Governor-General; or
(b) except as provided for by an Act of Parliament, any function conferred by or under any Act of Parliament on the Head of State or the Governor-General; or
(c) any other function certified by the Prime Minister to have a legal or practical effect, or to be more than only ceremonial or formal.
PART V
THE EXECUTIVE
DIVISION 1: THE EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY OF TUVALU
61 Vesting of the executive authority
(1) The executive authority of Tuvalu is primarily vested in the Sovereign, and in the Governor-General as the representative of the Sovereign.
(2) The executive authority so vested in the Sovereign shall be exercised in accordance with section 52 (performance of functions by the Head of State).
(3) Nothing in this section prevents a law from conferring functions on any other person or authority.
62 Offices of Ministers
(1) An office of Prime Minister is established.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), there shall be such number of other offices of Minister, and they shall have such titles, as are determined by the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister.
(3) The number of offices of Minister (other than the office of Prime Minister) shall not exceed one half of the total membership of Parliament.
(4) One of the Ministers other than the Prime Minister may be appointed to the office of Deputy Prime Minister by the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister.
(5) Subject to section 71 (caretaker governments) and to subsection (6), all Ministers (including the Prime Minister) must be members of Parliament.
(6) If it is necessary to appoint a Minister (other than a Prime Minister) at any time-
(a) after Parliament is dissolved under section 118 (dissolution of Parliament); and
(b) before the beginning of the first meeting of Parliament after the following general election, a person who was a member of Parliament immediately before the dissolution may be appointed.
(7) Subject to sections 68 (acting Prime Minister) and 76 (proceedings in Cabinet), all Ministers other than the Prime Minister rank equally.
63 The Prime Minister
(1) The Prime Minister shall be elected by the members of Parliament in accordance with Schedule 2 (Election and Appointment of Prime Minister).
(2) The office of the Prime Minister becomes vacant- (a) on death; or
(b) when a new election to the office of Prime Minister is completed; or
(c) if he ceases to be a member of Parliament for any reason other than the dissolution of Parliament; or
(d) if he resigns his office by notice in writing to the Head of State; or
(e) if he is removed from office under section 64 (removal from office of an incapacitated Prime Minister); or
(f) if a motion of no confidence in the Government receives in Parliament the votes of a majority of the total membership of Parliament.
(3) Subject to section 71 (caretaker governments), a resignation under subsection
(2)(d) takes effect upon its receipt by the Head of State.
64 Removal from office of an incapacitated Prime Minister
(1) If in the opinion of the Head of State, acting in his own deliberate judgment after consultation, in confidence, with the other Ministers:
(a) the Prime Minister is unable to perform properly the functions of his office because of infirmity of body or mind; and
(b) it is desirable in the interests of the good government of Tuvalu that the question of removing him from office should be investigated, the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of a professional medical body outside Tuvalu approved by an Act of Parliament for the purpose, shall appoint two or more medical practitioners who are legally qualified to practise medicine in Tuvalu or elsewhere to investigate the question of the capacity of the Prime Minister.
(2) The persons appointed under subsection (1) shall investigate the question and make a joint professional report to the Head of State personally.
(3) If after considering the report the Head of State, acting in his own deliberate judgment, is satisfied that it is in the interests of the good government of Tuvalu to do so, he may, acting in his own deliberate judgment, by written notice to:
(a) the Prime Minister; and
(b) the Speaker; and
(c) the Cabinet, remove the Prime Minister from office.
65 Suspension of Prime Minister
(1) If the question of the capacity of the Prime Minister has been referred to a tribunal under section 64 (removal from office of an incapacitated Prime Minister), the Head of State, acting in his own deliberate judgment, may suspend the Prime Minister from office.
(2) A suspension under subsection (1):
(a) may be lifted at any time by the Head of State, acting in his own deliberate judgment; and
(b) ceases to have effect if the tribunal reports to the Head of State that the
Prime Minister is able to perform properly the functions of his office.
(3) A suspension under this section takes effect without loss of remuneration or other entitlements.
66 Effect of removal or suspension of Prime Minister
His removal under section 64 (removal from office of an incapacitated Prime Minister), or his suspension under section 65 (suspension of Prime Minister), does not affect the position of the Prime Minister as a member of Parliament.
67 The other Ministers
(1) The Ministers other than the Prime Minister shall be appointed by the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister. 
(2) The office of a Minister other than the Prime Minister becomes vacant: (a) on death; or
(b) when a new election to the office of Prime Minister is completed; or
(c) if the Minister ceases to be a member of Parliament for any reason other than the dissolution of Parliament; or
(d) subject to subsection (3), if the Minister resigns his office by notice in writing to the Head of State; or
(e) if the Minister is removed from office by the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister; or
(f) in the circumstances set out in section 63(2)(f) (which relates to votes of no confidence in Government).
(3) A resignation under subsection (2)(d) takes effect on the date on which it is received by the Head of State.
68 Acting Prime Minister
(1) This section applies when the Prime Minister is:
(a) absent from Tuvalu; or
(b) for any other reason unable to perform the functions of his office.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), in a case to which subsection (1) applies until the Prime Minister returns to Tuvalu or is again able to perform the functions of his office the Deputy Prime Minister, (if any) shall perform those functions.
(3) lf:
(a) there is no office of Deputy Prime Minister; or
(b) there is a vacancy in the office of Deputy Prime Minister; or
(c) the Deputy Prime Minister is absent from Tuvalu; or
(d) the Deputy Prime Minister is for any other reason unable to perform the functions of the Prime Minister,
a Minister appointed by the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister, shall perform the functions of the Prime Minister.
69 Acting Ministers
(1) When:
(a) subject to section 71 (caretaker governments), the office of a Minister other than the Prime Minister is vacant; or
(b) a Minister other than the Prime Minis ter is: (i) absent from Tuvalu; or
(ii) for any other reason unable to perform the functions of his office, the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister, may appoint another member of Parliament to perform temporarily the functions of the Minister.
(2) The provisions of section 62(6) (which relates to the appointment of former members of Parliament as Ministers) apply to an appointment under this section in the same way as they apply to other appointments.
70 Conditions of acting appointments to Ministerial offices
No question whether the need for:
(a) the performance of any function of the Prime Minister by another Minister in accordance with section 68 (acting Prime Minister); or
(b) the appointment of a person to perform temporarily the functions of a Minister in accordance with section 69 (acting Ministers), has arisen, or has ceased, shall be considered in any court.
71 Care taker governments
(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Part other than this section, in the event of a vacancy in the office of Prime Minister the Cabinet in office immediately before the occurrence of the vacancy continues in office as a caretaker government until a new election of a Prime Minister is completed.
(2) If the Prime Minister: (a) dies; or
(b) ceases to be a member of Parliament for any reason other than the dissolution of Parliament; or
(c) is removed from office under section 64 (removal from office of an incapacitated Prime Minister), then subsections (4)-(7) apply. 
(3) If the Prime Minister resigns under section 63(2)(d) (which relates to the resignation of the Prime Minister) and indicates in his notice of resignation that he wishes it to become effective immediately, then subsections (4)-(7) apply. 
(4) Subject to subsection (5), in a case to which subsection (2) or (3) applies the Deputy Prime Minister shall perform the functions of the Prime Minister.
(5) If:
(a) there is no office of Deputy Prime Minister; or
(b) subject to section 69 (acting ministers), there is a vacancy in the office of Deputy Prime Minister; or
(c) the Deputy Prime Minister is absent from Tuvalu; or
(d) the Deputy Prime Minister is for any other reason unable to perform the functions of the Prime Minister, 
a Minister appointed by the Head of State, acting in his own deliberate judgment after consultation, in confidence, with the other Ministers, shall perform the functions of the Prime Minister.
(6) The provisions of section 62(6) (which relates to the appointment of former members of Parliament to be Ministers) apply in respect of a caretaker government holding office under this section.
(7) A caretaker government goes out of office when a new election to the office of Prime Minister is completed.
72 Oaths and affirmations by Ministers
Before entering upon the duties of his office, the Prime Minister and any other Minister shall take an oath, or make an affirmation, of allegiance, and take an oath, or make an affirmation, of office, in the forms respectively set out in Schedule 4 (Oaths and Affirmations).
DIVISION 3: THE CABINET
73 Establishment of the Cabinet
(1) A Cabinet is established for Tuvalu.
(2) The Cabinet consists of the Prime Minister and all the other Ministers.
74 Functions of the Cabinet
The Cabinet is collectively responsible to Parliament for the performance of the executive functions of the Government.
75 Assignment of responsibilities to Ministers
(1) The Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister may-
(a) assign to the Prime Minister or to any other Minister responsibility for the	conduct of any business of the Government (including responsibility for the administration of any Ministry or office of Government); and
(b) from time to time re-assign any such responsibility either on a substantive basis or on an acting basis.
(2) Except as provided by or under an Act of Parliament-
(a) all Ministries, offices and functions of Government shall be the responsibility of the Prime Minister or another Minister; and
(b) the Prime Minister is responsible for any function of Government that is not specifically assigned under this section.
76 Proceedings in Cabinet
(1) Meetings of the Cabinet shall be summoned by the Prime Minister or Minister appointed to act as Prime Minister.
(2) The Prime Minister shall, as far as practicable, attend and preside at all meetings of the Cabinet, and in his absence:
(a) if there is an office of Deputy Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister is present: the Deputy Prime Minister shall preside; and
(b) in any other case: a Minister chosen by the Ministers present shall preside.
(3) Subject to this subsection, the quorum for a meeting of the Cabinet is a majority of the total membership, but if the members of the Cabinet present at a meeting certify to the Head of State that:
 (a) it is not practicable for a full quorum to be present; and
(b) a matter requiring decision is too urgent to wait for the availability of a full quorum, 
the number of members actually present is a quorum for that meeting.
(4) Subject to the requirement of a quorum in accordance with subsection (3):
(a) the Cabinet may conduct any business even if there is a vacancy in its membership; and
(b) proceedings in Cabinet are valid even if a person who was not entitled to do so took part in those proceedings.
(5) Subject to any directions of the Cabinet, the Prime Minister or Minister appointed to act as Prime Minister shall decide what business is to be considered at a meeting of the Cabinet.
77 Validity of executive acts
(1) The succeeding provisions of this section are subject to any Act of Parliament. 
(2) Except as authorized by the Cabinet, or as otherwise required or permitted by an Act of Parliament, the business and proceedings of the Cabinet shall be kept secret.
(3) No question whether any procedures prescribed for the Cabinet have been, or are being, complied with shall be considered in any court.
(4) Subject to subsection (5), no act of the Prime Minister or of any other Minister is open to any challenge on the ground that he was not authorized to perform it if any Minister (whether or not specifically named) was so authorized to do so.
(5) Subsection (4) does not apply in relation to a function that is specifically conferred on the Prime Minister.
DIVISION 4: OFFICERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CABINET
78 The Secretary to Government
(1) An office of Secretary to Government is established as an office in the Public Service.
(2) The Secretary to Government shall be appointed in accordance with section
159(3)(a) (which relates to the appointment of the Secretary to Government).
(3) Unless he has been excused by or under the authority of the Prime Minister, the Secretary to Government shall attend all meetings of the Cabinet.
 (4) The Secretary to Government is responsible, in accordance with such instructions as are given to him by the Cabinet, for co-ordinating the work of all Ministries and offices of Government, and has such other functions as are prescribed or as are directed by the Cabinet or the Prime Minister.
(5) On receipt of a written notice of resignation from the Secretary to Government, the Prime Minister shall advise the Public Service Commission and submit the resignation to the Head of State for approval, which, subject to any other law, shall take effect on the date specified.
79 The Attorney-General
(1) An office of Attorney-General for Tuvalu is established as an office in the Public Service.
(2) The Attorney-General shall be appointed in accordance with section 159(4)(a) (which relates to the appointment of the Attorney-General).
(3) The Attorney-General is the principal legal adviser to the Government, and has such other functions as are prescribed.
(4) A person is not qualified to hold or to act in the office of Attorney-General unless he is entitled to practise before the High Court.
(5) Unless he is excused by or under the authority of Parliament, the Attorney- General:
(a) shall attend all meetings of Parliament; and
(b) may take part, in accordance with the Rules of Procedure of Parliament, in the proceedings of Parliament and committees of Parliament (but without a vote).
(6) Unless he is excused by or under the authority of the Prime Minister, the Attorney-General shall attend all meetings of the Cabinet.
(7) Subject to the succeeding provisions of this section, in any case where he considers it desirable to do so the Attorney-General may:
(a) take criminal proceedings against any person before a court (other than a court-martial or other military tribunal) in respect of an offence; or
(b) take over and continue any criminal proceedings referred to in paragraph (a) that have been taken by any other person or authority; or
(c) discontinue, at any stage before judgment is given, any criminal proceedings referred to in paragraph (a) that have been taken by him or by any other person or authority.
(8) Subject to any Act of Parliament, the functions of the Attorney-General may be performed:
(a) in person; or
 (b) through officers responsible to him, acting in accordance with his general or specific instructions, and references to the Attorney-General include references to officers so acting.
(9) Where any person or authority other than the Attorney-General has taken any criminal proceedings, nothing in this section prevents the withdrawal, in accordance with law, of those proceedings by any person or authority except where those proceedings have been taken over by the Attorney-General.
(10) Subject to subsections (8) and (9), the powers conferred on the Attorney- General by subsection (7)(b) and (c) are vested in him to the exclusion of any other person or authority.
(11) Subject to section 15 (independence) of Schedule 1, in the performance of his functions under subsection (7) the Attorney-General is not subject to the direction or contra 1 of any other person or authority.
(12) Subject to subsection (13), for the purposes of this section: (a) an appeal from a decision in any proceedings; and
(b) a case stated or question of law reserved for the purpose of any proceedings, is part of those proceedings.
(13) The functions of the Attorney-General under subsection (7)(c) shall not be exercised in relation to:
(a) an appeal by a person convicted in any proceedings; or
(b) a case stated or question of law reserved at the instance of a person convicted in any proceedings; or
(c) a judicial review of any proceedings.
DIVISION 5: THE POWER OF MERCY
80 Commutation, etc., of sentences
(1) The Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet, may-
(a) grant to a person a pardon, either free or subject to lawful conditions, for an offence; or
(b) relieve a person from any disability imposed by this Constitution or by or under an Act of Parliament because of a conviction under, or a contravention of, or a failure to comply with, a law of a country other than Tuvalu; or
(c) grant to a person a delay, either indefinite or for a specified period, in the enforcement of any penalty imposed on that person for an offence; or
(d) substitute a less severe form of punishment for any punishment imposed on a person for an offence; or
(e) remit the whole or part of:
(i) any punishment imposed on a person for an offence; or
(ii) any penalty, fine or forfeiture otherwise due to the Government on account of an offence.
(2) In any case in which the power of mercy is exercised in accordance with subsection (1), the Prime Minister shall present to Parliament:
(a) if the power is exercised during a meeting of Parliament: during that meeting; or
(b) if the power is exercised at any other time: during the next meeting of Parliament, a statement giving details of the exercise of the power and of the reasons for it.
PART VI
PARLIAMENT AND LAW-MAKING
DIVISION 1: PARLIAMENT
81 Establishment of Parliament
A Parliament is established for Tuvalu.
82 Composition of Parliament
(1) Subject to subsection (3), Parliament shall consist of such number of members as is fixed by or under an Act of Parliament and a Bill for an Act to amend the number of members so fixed shall not be passed by Parliament unless it is supported at its Third Reading by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the members of Parliament.
(2) The members shall be directly elected in accordance with this Constitution and, subject to this Constitution, in accordance with an Act of Parliament.
(3) The number of members of Parliament shall not be less than twelve.
(4) For the purpose of the election of the members of Parliament, electoral districts shall be established, having:
(a) such boundaries; and
(b) such number of elected representatives, as are prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament.
(5) Nothing in this Constitution prevents an Act of Parliament from making special provision for the representation of a part of Tuvalu with special electoral problems, or related problems.
83 Principles of electoral apportionment
(1) This section does not affect the operation of section 82(5) (which relates to special electoral provisions for particular parts of Tuvalu).
(2) Subject to subsection (1), a Bill for an Act for the purposes of section 82 (composition of Parliament) shall, so far as practicable, be based on the principle that each member of Parliament should represent approximately the same number of electors, but in the circumstances of Tuvalu account must also be taken of:
(a) geographical features; and
(b) interests or relationships of any kind that various areas: (i) may have in common; or
(ii) may not have in common; and
(c) the boundaries of existing administrative and traditional areas; and
(d) means of communication; and
(e) density and mobility of population; and
(f) such other factors as are prescribed by an Act of Parliament for the purpose.
DIVISION 2: THE LAW-MAKING POWER
84 Vesting of the law-making power
Subject to this Constitution, Parliament may make laws, not inconsistent with this
Constitution, including:
(a) laws having effect outside Tuvalu; and
(b) laws having retrospective effect; and
(c) laws providing for all matters that are necessary or convenient to be prescribed:
(i) for carrying out or giving effect to this Constitution; or
(ii) for defining or detailing, or for further defining or detailing, any matter in this Constitution.
85 Delegated legislation
Acts of Parliament may provide:
(a) for the delegation to any person or authority other than Parliament of power to make regulations and other subsidiary laws; and
(b) for the control of the use of any power delegated under paragraph (a), whether-
(i) by means of a requirement of approval; or
(ii) by means of a power to disallow, or in some other prescribed way.
86 Manner of exercise of the law-making power
(1) The power of Parliament to make laws shall be exercised by means of Bills passed, in accordance with section 111 (procedure on Bills, etc.), by Parliament and assented to by the Head of State.
(2) When a Bill is presented to the Head of State for assent the Head of State shall promptly assent to it.
(3) A Bill that has been assented to is an Act of Parliament.
DIVISION 3: MEMBERSHIP OF PARLIAMENT
87 Nature of elections
(1) Members of Parliament shall be elected under a system of universal, citizen, adult suffrage, in accordance with this Constitution and any law made for the purposes of section 89 (electoral laws).
(2) All contested elections of members of Parliament shall be held by secret ballot.
(3) The provisions of subsection (2) shall not be considered to be contravened by a law that makes reasonable provision for assistance in voting to be given, on request, to any person.
88 Holding of elections
(1) There shall be a general election to be held after one month but not later than three months after every dissolution of Parliament.
 (2) There shall be a bye-election as soon as practicable after:
(a) the occurrence of any casual vacancy in the membership of Parliament;
or
(b) an Act of Parliament has been enacted to increase the number of members of Parliament. 
89 Electoral laws
(1) Subject to this Constitution, an Act of Parliament may make provision for and in relation to Parliamentary elections.
(2) An Act of Parliament shall make provision for safeguarding the integrity of Parliamentary elections, especially in circumstances to which section 87(3) (special provisions for certain voters) applies.
Subdivision B: Electors
90 Right to vote
(1) Subject to the succeeding provisions of this section, any person who is registered under an Act of Parliament as an elector for Parliamentary elections in an electoral district is entitled to vote, in such manner as is prescribed, in an election of a member of Parliament for that district.
(2) An Act of Parliament may prohibit a person from voting in an election if: (a) he is an electoral officer within the meaning of the Act; or
(b) he has been involved in the commission of an offence in connection with an election.
(3) A person is not entitled to vote in an election if-
(a) throughout the hours and on the date or dates fixed for the polling he is under arrest or in prison; or
(b) except as prescribed, he is for any reason unable to attend in person at the place and time fixed for the polling.
(4) A person is not entitled to vote in an election of a member of Parliament for an electoral district if he is not registered as an elector for Parliamentary elections in that district.
91 Qualifications for registration
(1) Subject to section 92 (disqualification from registration), a person is entitled to be registered as an elector in Parliamentary elections if, and is not entitled to be registered as such an elector unless:
(a) he is a citizen of Tuvalu; and
(b) he has attained the age of 18 years; and
(c) he satisfies such other requirements (whether as to residence or otherwise) as are prescribed.
(2) A person is not entitled to be registered as an elector in Parliamentary elections in more than one electoral district at the same time.
92 Disqualification from registration
(1) A person is not entitled to be registered as an elector in Parliamentary elections if:
(a) subject to section 102 (calculation of sentences) and to subsection (2), he has been sentenced by a court in a Commonwealth country to death or to imprisonment (by whatever name called) for a term exceeding 12 months, and has not received a free pardon; or
(b) he is certified to be insane, or otherwise adjudged to be of unsound mind, under an Act of Parliament; or
(c) he is disqualified, under an Act of Parliament relating to offences in connection with elections, from being registered as an elector in Parliamentary elections.
(2) Subsection (1)(a) does not apply if: (a) on appeal or review:
(i) the conviction is overthrown; or
(ii) the sentence is reduced to a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months, or to some other penalty; or
(b) in the case of a sentence of imprisonment (whether it was the original sentence or was substituted on appeal or review): three years have elapsed since the end of the imprisonment.
Subdivision C: Candidates
93 Candidature
(1) A candidate for election to Parliament must be:
(a) qualified for election as a member of Parliament; and
(b) nominated in accordance with an Act of Parliament.
(2) A member of Parliament is not qualified to be a candidate.
94 Qualifications for election
Subject to section 95 (disqualification from election) a person is qualified to be elected as a member of Parliament if, and is not qualified to be elected as a member of Parliament unless,:
(a) he is a citizen of Tuvalu; and
(b) he has attained the age of 21 years.
95 Disqualification from election
(1) A person is not qualified to be elected as a member of Parliament if:
(a) subject to section 102 (calculation of sentences) and to subsection (2), he has been sentenced by a court in a commonwealth country to death or to imprisonment (by whatever name called) for a term exceeding 12 months, and has not received a free pardon, or is serving a prison sentence; or
(b) he is certified to be insane, or otherwise adjudged to be of unsound mind, under an Act of Parliament; or
(c) he is disqualified, under an Act of Parliament relating to offences in connection with elections, from membership of Parliament; or
(d) he is, by virtue of his own act, under an acknowledgement of allegiance, obedience or adherence to a country other than Tuvalu; or
(e) he has been adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under a law of a
Commonwealth country, and has not been discharged; or
(f) subject to such exceptions as are prescribed, he holds, or is acting in, any office or position in a State Service; or
(g) he is the Head of State, a Judge of the High Court or a magistrate; or
(h) he is a member of the Public Service Commission. (2) Subsection (l)(a) does not apply if-
(a) on appeal or review:
(i) the conviction is overthrown; or
(ii) the sentence is reduced to a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months, or to some penalty other than imprisonment; or
(b) in the case of a sentence of imprisonment, whether it was the original sentence or was substituted on appeal or review, three years have elapsed since the end of the imprisonment.
Subdivision D: Members
96 Tenure of office
(1) The seat of a member of Parliament becomes vacant- (a) on death; or
(b) on a dissolution of Parliament; or
(c) if he is absent from the sittings of Parliament for such period and in such circumstances as are prescribed in the Rules of Procedure of Parliament; or
(d) subject to subsection (2), if, not being the Speaker, he resigns his seat by written notice to the Speaker; or
(e) subject to subsection (3), if, being the Speaker:
(i) he announces to Parliament his resignation from his seat; or
(ii) he resigns his seat by written notice addressed to Parliament and given to the Clerk of Parliament; or
(f) if he ceases to be qualified for, or becomes disqualified from, election to Parliament under section 94 (qualifications for election) or 95 (disqualification from election); or
(g) in the circumstances set out in section 97 (disclosure of interest) or 98 (vacation of seat on sentence); or
(h) if his seat is declared to be vacant under section 99 (recall of incapacitated member); or
(i) if he becomes the Head of State or a Judge of the High Court.
(2) A resignation under subsection (l)(d) takes effect on the date on which it is received by the Speaker.
(3) A resignation under subsection (1)(e) takes effect on the date on which it is: (a) announced to Parliament; or
(b) received by the Clerk of Parliament, as the case may be.
97 Disclosure of interest
(1) An Act of Parliament or the Rules of Procedures of Parliament may make provision requiring a member of Parliament who has an interest in a matter under consideration in Parliament-
(a) to disclose his interest; and
(b) except with the approval of Parliament, not to take part in any proceedings in Parliament, or in a committee of Parliament, in relation to the matter.
(2) An Act of Parliament or the Rules of Procedure of Parliament may provide that if a member of Parliament contravenes a provision referred to in subsection (1) his seat becomes vacant.
98 Vacation of seat on sentence
(1) Subject to section 102 (calculation of sentences) and to the succeeding provisions of this section, if a member of Parliament is sentenced by a court in a Commonwealth country to death or to imprisonment (by whatever name called) for a term exceeding 12 months:
(a) he shall forthwith cease to discharge his functions as a member of Parliament, and shall not attend Parliament as a member of Parliament; and
(b) his seat becomes vacant at the end of 3 0 days after the date of sentence.
(2) The Speaker may, at the request of the member, from time to time extend the period of 30 days referred to in subsection (1)(b) to enable the member to pursue any appeal (judicial or other) in respect of his conviction or sentence, but extensions totalling more than 150 days shall not be granted without the consent of Parliament, signified by resolution.
(3) If before a member vacates his seat under this section: (a) he receives a free pardon; or
(b) on appeal or review:
(i) the conviction is overthrown; or
(ii) the sentence is reduced to a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months, or to some penalty other than imprisonment, his seat does not become vacant, and he may again discharge his functions as a member.
(4) A reference in this section to functions as a member of Parliament includes a reference to functions performed in any capacity arising out of membership of Parliament (including functions as Speaker or as the Prime Minister or another Minister).
99 Recall of incapacitated member
(1) If more than 50 percent of the persons who are registered as electors for Parliamentary elections in an electoral district sign a petition to the Head of State stating that a member of Parliament for that district is unable to perform properly the functions of a member because of infirmity of body or mind, the succeeding provisions of this section apply.
(2) If the Head of State, acting in his own deliberate judgment, is satisfied that:
 (a) a petition delivered to him complies with subsection (1); and
(b) it is desirable in the interests of the good government of Tuvalu that the question of removing the member should be investigated, the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of a professional medical body outside Tuvalu approved by an Act of Parliament for the purpose, shall appoint two or more medical practitioners who are legally qualified to practise medicine either in Tuvalu or elsewhere to investigate the question of the capacity of the member.
(3) The persons appointed under subsection (2) shall investigate the question and make a joint professional report to the Head of State personal ly.
(4) If after considering the report the Head of State, acting in his own deliberate judgment, is satisfied that it is desirable in the interests of the good government of Tuvalu to do so, he shall, acting in his own deliberate judgment, by written notice to:
(a) the Speaker; and
(b) the member,
declare the seat of the member concerned to be vacant.
Subdivision E: Miscellaneous
100 Questions as to member shipof Parliament
(1) The High Court has jurisdiction to determine, in accordance with law, any question whether:
(a) a candidate has been validly elected as a member of Parliament; or
(b) a member of Parliament has vacated his seat, or is required by section
98 (vacation of seat on sentence) to cease to perform his functions as a member; or
(c) the seat of a member has been declared vacant in accordance with any Act of Parliament or Rules of Procedure of Parliament provided for by section 97 (disclosure of interest); or
(d) the seat of a member has been declared vacant in accordance with section 99 (recall of incapacitated member).
(2) There is no appeal from a decision of the High Court in proceedings under subsection (1).
101 Sitting, etc., while unqualified
(1) A person who sits or votes in Parliament or in a committee of Parliament knowing, or having reasonable grounds for believing, that he is not entitled to do so is liable to a civil penalty not exceeding $20.00 for each day upon which he so sits or votes.
(2) A penalty under subsection (1) may be recovered only by civil action in the High Court by the Attorney-General.
102 Calculation of sentences
(1) This section applies to the calculation of the lengths of periods of imprisonment for the purposes of:
(a) section 92 (disqualification from registration); and
(b) section 95 (disqualification from election); and
(c) section 98 (vacation of seat on sentence).
(2) For the purposes of the provisions referred to in subsection (!)-
(a) two or more terms of imprisonment that are required to be served consecutively shall be regarded as a single term of the total period; and
(b) no account shall be taken of a sentence of imprisonment imposed in default of payment of a fine; and
(c) "review" includes an administrative or executive review of a sentence.
DIVISION 4: THE SPEAKER
103 Establishment of the office of Speaker
An office of Speaker of Parliament is established.
104 Election of the Speaker
(1) Subject to this section, the Speaker shall be elected by the members of Parliament from among their own number. (2) As soon as practicable after:
(a) each general election; or
(b) the occurrence of a casual vacancy in the office of Speaker,
but after any necessary election of a Prime Minister, the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister, shall call a meeting of the members of Parliament for the purpose of electing a Speaker, at a date, time and place fixed by the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister, by notice to each member.
(3) The Clerk of Parliament shall preside at the meeting, and for that purpose has all the functions of the Speaker as if the meeting were a meeting of Parliament.
(4) When a Speaker is elected, the Clerk of Parliament shall so inform the Head of State, and the Head of State shall appoint the person so elected to be the Speaker.
(5) At the commencement of the first sitting day of Parliament after the appointment of a Speaker, the Clerk of Parliament shall announce to the members of Parliament present the appointment of the Speaker and the person appointed shall then take his place as Speaker.
105 Tenure of office of the Speaker
(1) The office of Speaker becomes vacant: (a) on death; or
(b) when a Speaker next takes his place under section 104(5) (which relates to the Speaker taking his place after his appointment by the Head of State); or
(c) subject to subsection (2), if:
(i) he announces to Parliament his resignation from office; or
(ii) he resigns his office by written notice addressed to Parliament and given to the Clerk of Parliament; or
(d) if he ceases to be a member of Parliament for any reason other than the dissolution of Parliament; or
(e) if he becomes Prime Minister or another Minister; or
(f) if he becomes the Head of State or a Judge of the High Court; or
(g) if Parliament so resolves by resolution supported by the votes of two thirds of the total membership.
(2) A resignation under subsection (l)(c) takes effect on the date on which it is- (a) announced to Parliament; or
(b) received by the Clerk of Parliament, as the case may be.
106 Functions of the Speaker
(1) Subject to subsection (2), when he is present the Speaker shall preside at all sittings of Parliament and of committees of Parliament.
(2) An Act of Parliament or the Rules of Procedure of Parliament may provide that subsection (1) does not apply:
(a) when Parliament is in a committee of the whole Parliament; or
(b) on other occasions, or in other circumstances, prescribed in the Act or the Rules.
(3) Subject to any Act of Parliament made for the purposes of subsection (6), the Speaker is responsible for ensuring that the business of Parliament is conducted in accordance with this Constitution, any applicable Act of Parliament and the Rules of Procedure of Parliament.
(4) The Speaker shall do his best to ensure that:
(a) proceedings in Parliament are conducted at all times with dignity, decorum and politeness; and
(b) abusive, unnecessarily violent or otherwise objectionable language is not used in Parliament; and
(c) Parliamentary privilege is not abused by the making of unnecessary personal attacks on other members of Parliament or other persons, or in any other manner.
(5) The Speaker has such other functions as are provided for by this Constitution, any Act of Parliament and the Rules of Procedure of Parliament.
(6) Subject to any Act of Parliament, the decision of the Speaker on any matter relating to the conduct of the business of Parliament is final.
(7) The Speaker shall perform his functions impartially, and has a duty to ensure that in the conduct of the business of Parliament there is a reasonable opportunity for all members present to be fairly heard.
107 Acting Speaker
(1) If the Speaker is absent from a sitting of Parliament or if there is a vacancy in the office of Speaker during a meeting, a member of Parliament (not being the Prime Minister or another Minister) elected by the members shall, until relieved by the Speaker, perform the functions of the Speaker.
(2) If at any time when Parliament is not sitting:
(a) the Speaker is absent from Tuvalu or is for any other reason unable to perform his functions; and
(b) no member has been elected under subsection (1), the Clerk of Parliament shall perform the parliamentary functions of the Speaker. 
(3) The Clerk of Parliament shall preside for the purposes of the election of an acting Speaker under subsection (1).
(4) No question whether the need for the election of a person to perform the functions of the Speaker in accordance with this section has arisen, or has ceased, shall be considered in any court.
DIVISION 5: PROCEDURES IN PARLIAMENT
108 Rules of Procedure
(1) Subject to this Constitution and to any Act of Parliament, Parliament may make rules of procedure for the regulation and orderly conduct of its proceedings and the discharge of business at sittings of Parliament, and for related purposes.
(2) The rules shall ensure that in the conduct of the business of Parliament there is a reasonable opportunity for all members to be fairly heard.
109 Quorum of Parliament
(1) Subject to subsection (3), the quorum for a meeting of Parliament is one more than one half of the total membership, ignoring any fraction which may arise in calculating one half of the total membership.
(2) If at any time:
(a) the Speaker declares that a quorum in accordance with subsection (1) is not present; and
(b) after such interval as is prescribed in the Rules of Procedure of Parliament for the purpose such a quorum is again not present,
the Speaker shall adjourn Parliament until a time and date that he thinks appropriate.
(3) If at the time and date fixed by the Speaker under subsection (2) a quorum in accordance with subsection (1) is not present, the number of members of Parliament actually present and qualified to take part in the proceedings is a quorum for the purposes of that day's sitting.
110 Voting in Parliament
(1) Subject to this Constitution, all questions before Parliament shall be determined in accordance with a majority of the votes of the members of Parliament present and voting.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), the Speaker does not have an original vote, but: (a) has; and
(b) shall exercise,
a casting vote.
(3) The Speaker has an original vote, but not a casting vote:
(a) on a motion of no confidence in the Government; and
(b) on a Bill for an Act to amend this Constitution.
111 Procedure on Bills, etc.
(1) Subject to this Constitution, any member of Parliament may, in accordance with the Rules of Procedure of Parliament:
(a) introduce a Bill in Parliament; or
(b) propose a motion for debate in Parliament; or
(c) present a petition to Parliament,
and it shall be disposed of in accordance with this Constitution and the Rules. (2) Subject to section 2 (the area of Tuvalu), with the exception of:
(a) Appropriation Bills; and
(b) Bills certified by the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet, to be:
(i) urgent; or
(ii) not of general public importance,
Parliament shall not proceed upon a Bill after its first reading until the next session of Parliament, and after the first reading the Clerk of Parliament shall circulate the Bill to all local governments for consideration and comment.
(3) Parliament shall consider and dispose of any comments received under subsection (2).
(4) Parliament shall not proceed:
(a) further than the first reading of a Bill for any purpose referred to in section 166(1) (which relates to Executive initiative); or
(b) on a motion or amendment which would have a similar effect, without the recommendation of a Minister as required by section 166(1) (which relates to Executive initiative).
DIVISION 6: MISCELLANEOUS
112 Oath and affirmation of members of Parliament
(1) Subject to subsection (3), no member of Parliament may take part in the proceedings of Parliament (other than formal proceedings and proceedings necessary for the purpose of this section) until he has, before Parliament, made an oath, or taken an affirmation, of allegiance in the form in Schedule 4.
(2) The swearing-in of a member of Parliament takes precedence over all other business (other than formal business and business referred to in subsection (3)) in Parliament.
(3) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to:
 (a) proceedings for the election of a Prime Minister under section 63(1) (which relates to the election of a Prime Minister) and Schedule 2 (Election and Appointment of the Prime Minister); or
(b) proceedings for the election of a Speaker under section 104 (election of the Speaker) or of an acting Speaker under section 107(1) (which relates to the election of a member of Parliament as acting Speaker).
113 Validity of proceedings in Parliament
Subject to sections 109 (quorum of Parliament) and 110 (voting in Parliament)-
(a) Parliament or a committee of Parliament may conduct any business even if there is a vacancy in its membership; and
(b) the proceedings of Parliament, and of a committee of Parliament, are val id even if a person who was not entitled to do so took part in those proceedings.
114 Privileges of Parliament
(1) The purpose of this section is to allow, as is customary in Parliaments:
(a) certain privileges and immunities to be conferred upon Parliament and members of Parliament; and
(b) certain powers to be conferred upon Parliament, in order to facilitate the proper conduct of the business of Parliament, and to prevent improper interference with the conduct of that business.
(2) Subject to subsections (4) and (5), Parliament may provide for:
(a) privileges and immunities of Parliament and members of Parliament; and
(b) powers of Parliament.
(3) Any provision made by Parliament for the purposes of subsection (2) shall be interpreted and applied only in accordance with the purpose of this section as set out in subsection (1).
(4) No civil or criminal proceedings may be instituted against a member of Parliament:
(a) for words spoken in, or included in a report to, Parliament or a committee of Parliament; or
(b) by reason of any matter or thing brought by him in Parliament or a committee of Parliament.
(5) No process issued by a court shall be served or issued within the precincts of Parliament (as defined by or under an Act of Parliament or the Rules of Procedure of Parliament).
115 Clerk of Parliament and other officers
There shall be a Clerk of Parliament and such other officers as are necessary for the proper conduct of the business of Parliament, who shall be members of a State Service.
DIVISION 7: SUMMONING, DISSOLUTION, ETC.
116 Meetings of Parliament
(1) Subject to this section, Parliament shall meet at such places in Tuvalu, and at such times, as the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet, appoints.
(2) Sessions of Parliament shall be held in such a way that no period of 12 months intervenes between the end of one session and the beginning of the next.
(3) A session of Parliament shall be appointed to begin as soon as practicable after the declaration of the results of a general election, and in any event within three months after the declaration.
(4) In the event of a failure to comply with subsection (2) or (3), the Speaker shall call a meeting of Parliament, unless in the meantime a meeting has been called under subsection (1).
117 Prorogation of Parliament
The Head of State, acting in accordance with: 
(a) a resolution of Parliament; or
(b) subject to any resolution of Parliament, the advice of the Prime Minister, may at any time prorogue Parliament.
118 Dissolution of Parliament
(1) Subject to this section, Parliament is automatically dissolved at the end of the period of four years after the date of its first sitting after a general election.
(2) The Head of State, acting in accordance with a resolution of Parliament may at any time dissolve Parliament.
(3) If:
(a) the office of Prime Minister is vacant; and
(b) no person has been elected to that office within such period as the Head of State, acting in his own deliberate judgment, thinks reasonable, the Head of State, acting in his own deliberate judgment, may dissolve Parliament.
(4) Subject to subsection (5), Parliament remains dissolved until the declaration of the results of the following general election.
(5) Subject to subsection (6), if the Head of State certifies that there is an urgent matter requiring the attention of Parliament at a time while Parliament is dissolved he may re-convene Parliament, and Parliament may meet and act as if it had not been dissolved.
(6) The functions of the Head of State under subsection (5) shall be performed: (a) in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet; and
(b) subject to any such advice, in his own deliberate judgment.
(7) A meeting of Parliament re-convened under subsection (5) shall consider only the matter certified under that subsection and matters that, in the opinion of the Speaker, arise out of it.
PART VII
THE COURTS
DIVISION 1: GENERAL
119 The judicial system
The judicial system of Tuvalu consists of:
(a) the Sovereign in Council (as provided for in Division 4); and
(b) the Court of Appeal for Tuvalu (as provided for in Division 3); and
(c) the High Court of Tuvalu (as provided for in Division 2); and
(d) such other courts and tribunals as are provided for by or under Acts of Parliament.
DIVISION 2: THE HIGH COURT
Subdivision A: Establishment, etc.
120 Establishment of the High Court
(1) A High Court of Tuvalu is established.
(2) The High Court is a superior court of record.
121 Composition of the High Court
The High Court is constituted by the Chief Justice of Tuvalu and any other Judges appointed under section 123 (other Judges).
122 The Chief Justice of Tuvalu
(1) An office of Chief Justice of Tuvalu is established.
(2) The Chief Justice shall be appointed by the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet, for such period as is specified in the instrument of his appointment.
123 Other Judges
If the Cabinet is satisfied that the appointment of an additional Judge is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the High Court, the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet given after consultation with the Chief Justice, may appoint a person to be a Judge of the High Court:
(a) for such period; or
(b) in relation to such matters,
as is or are specified in the instrument of his appointment.
124 Qualifications of Judges
A person is not qualified for appointment as a Judge of the High Court unless:
(a) he is or has been a judge of a court of unlimited jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters in some country that has a legal system similar to that of Tuvalu, or of a court having jurisdiction in appeals from such a court; or
(b) has been qualified for at least five years to practise as a barrister or solicitor, or the equivalent, in a country referred to in paragraph (a).
125 Remuneration, etc., of Judges
(1) The salaries or other remuneration and the allowances of the Judges of the High Court are as provided for in section 169 (remuneration of certain officials).
(2) Subject to this Constitution and to any Act of Parliament, the other conditions of employment of a Judge of the High Court are as agreed between the Judge and the Cabinet.
126 Tenure of office of Judges
(1) A Judge of the High Court vacates his office: (a) on death; or
(b) if he is removed from office under section 127 (removal of Judges from office); or
(c) subject to subsection (2), if he resigns by notice in writing to the Head of State; or
(d) at the end of the period of his appointment; or
(e) in the case of a Judge appointed in accordance with section 123(b) (which relates to the appointment of other Judges for certain matters): on the conclusion of the matters in relation to which he was appointed.
(2) A resignation under subsection (1)(c) becomes effective on the date on which it is received by the Head of State, or on such later date as is fixed by agreement between the Judge and the Cabinet.
127 Removal of Judges from office
(1) A Judge of the High Court may be removed from office on ly:
(a) for inability to perform properly the functions of his office (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind, or from some other cause) or for misbehaviour; and
(b) in accordance with this section.
(2) A Judge of the High Court may be removed from office by Parliament, by resolution, if:
(a) the question of his removal from office has been referred to a tribunal appointed under subsection (3); and
(b) the tribunal has advised Parliament that he ought to be removed from office for a reason set out in subsection (l)(a).
(3) If the Cabinet decides, or Parliament resolves, that the question of removing a Judge from office should be investigated, the Head of State, acting after consultation with:
(a) the Prime Minister; and
(b) in the case of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice,
shall appoint an independent tribunal consisting of a chairman and at least one other member, each of whom is qualified for appointment as a Judge of the High Court, to investigate the question.
(4) The tribunal shall investigate the question and report on it to Parliament, with its advice whether or not the Judge should be removed from office.
(5) The provisions of Schedule 3 (procedure, etc., of the Public Service Commission and certain Tribunals) apply to and in respect of the tribunal.
128 Suspension of Judges
(1) If the question of removing a Judge of the High Court from office has been referred to a tribunal under section 127 (removal of Judges from office) the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet may suspend the Judge from office.
(2) A suspension under subsection (1):
(a) may be lifted at any time by the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet; and
(b) ceases to have effect if the tribunal advises Parliament that the Judge should not be removed from office.
(3) A suspension under this section takes effect without loss of remuneration or other entitlements.
129 Completion of pending matters
Even when he vacates his office (otherwise than by removal from office under section 127 (removal of Judges from office), a Judge of the High Court may continue to perform the functions of that office in relation to any proceedings commenced before him while his appointment was in force, and while so acting he continues to be entitled to his previous remuneration and other entitlements.
Subdivision B.: Jurisdiction
130 Jurisdiction of the High Court generally
(1) The High Court has jurisdiction:
(a) in relation to Part Il (Bill of Rights) of this Constitution: as provided by Division 5 (Enforcement of the Bill of Rights) of that Part; and
(b) in relation to questions as to membership of Parliament: as provided by section 100 (questions as to membership of Parliament); and
(c) in relation to other questions as to the interpretation or application of this Constitution: as provided by section 131 (constitutional interpretation); and
(d) in relation to appeals generally: as provided by section 132 (appellate jurisdiction of the High Court); and
(e) in other matters: as provided for by sections 14(3) (which relates to the effect of Parliamentary declarations of purpose) and 133 (other jurisdiction, etc., of the High Court), and otherwise in this Constitution.
(2) Subject to any Act of Parliament providing for the jurisdiction of two or more members of the High Court sitting together, the jurisdiction of the High Court may be exercised by the Chief Justice or a single Judge.
131 Constitutional Interpretation 
(1) Subject to subsection (2), the High Court has original jurisdiction to determine any question as to the interpretation or application of this Constitution.
(2) Where:
(a) any question as to the interpretation or application of this Constitution arises in any proceedings in a subordinate court; and
(b) that court is of the opinion that the question involves a substantial question of law,
the court may, and shall if a party to the proceedings so requests, refer the question to the High Court for determination.
132 Appellate jurisdiction of the High Court
The High Court has such jurisdiction to determine appeals from decisions of subordinate courts as is provided for by this Constitution or by or under Acts of Parliament.
133 Other jurisdiction, etc., of the High Court
The High Court has such other jurisdiction, power and authority as are conferred by or under Acts of Parliament.
DIVISION 3.: THE COURT OF APPEAL
134 Establishment of the Court of Appeal
(1) A Court of Appeal for Tuvalu is established.
(2) The Court of Appeal shall be constituted as provided for by an Act of  Parliament.
(3) Parliament shall not proceed upon a Bill for an Act referred to in subsection (2) after its first reading in Parliament unless the Speaker has obtained, and has presented to Parliament, a report from the Chief Justice on the proposal.
135 Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal
(1) Subject to:
(a) section 41(2) (which relates to frivolous or vexatious appeals against determinations as to contraventions of the Bill of Rights); and
(b) section 100(2) (appeals on questions as to membership of Parliament); and
(c) any Act of Parliament,
the Court of Appeal has jurisdiction to determine appeals from decisions of the High Court, whether in the exercise of original jurisdiction or in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction.
(2) No Act of Parliament made for the purposes of subsection (1) affects the rights of appeal provided for by Division 5 (Enforcement of the Bill of Rights) of Part II.
DIVISION 4: THE SOVEREIGN IN COUNCIL
136 Jurisdiction of the Sovereign in Council
(1) An appeal may be made from a decision of the Court of Appeal to the Sovereign in Council:
(a) with the leave of the Court of Appeal-
(i) in the case of a final decision on a question as to the interpretation or application of this Constitution; or
(ii) in the case of a final decision in proceedings under Division 5 (Enforcement of the Bill of Rights) of Part II;
(iii) in the case of:
(A) a final decision; or
(B) an interlocutory decision, that is to say, a decision of a kind referred to in subsection (2),
in any proceedings, where in the opinion of the Court of Appeal the question involved in the appeal is one which, because of its great general or public importance, or otherwise, ought to be submitted to the Sovereign in Council; and
(b) in such other cases and on such conditions as are provided for by or under an Act of Parliament.
(2) In subsection (l)(a)(iii)(B), "interlocutory decision" refers to a decision which-
(a) is made during or for the purposes of some legal proceedings; and
(b) is incidental to those proceedings; and
(c) does not finally dispose of those proceedings.
PART VIII
PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT
DIVISION 1.: GENERAL
137 Interpretation of Part VIII
In this Part:
"personnel matter" means any service decision or action concerning an individual, including:
(a) appointment and confirmation of appointment; and
(b) promotion and demotion; and
(c) transfer from office to office or from place to place (except movement within a common cadre); and
(d) disciplinary action; and
(e) suspension; and
(f) cessation or termination of employment (except cessation or termination at the end of the person's regular period of employment as determined according to law).
138 Application of Part VIII
(1) This Part does not apply to or in relation to:
(a) consultants, advisers or agents (without executive authority or power of direction of members of a State Service) who are:
(i) employed on an honorary basis: or
(ii) remunerated by fees or commission only, with or without travelling or subsistence allowances, expense allowances or similar allowances; or
(b) except as provided by or under an Act of Parliament:
(i) the holders of offices listed in section 161 (application of Division 5); or
(ii) the members of the staff of statutory authorities; or
(iii) members of, or members of the staff of, local governments or authorities.
(2) Nothing in this Part prevents the creation of- (a) statutory offices; or
(b) statutory corporations or authorities; or
(c) statutory or administrative commissions, boards or committees, or similar bodies, or the determination, in accordance with law, of conditions of employment relating to them.
139 The State Services
(1) Subject to this Part, Acts of Parliament shall make provision for and in relation to:
(a) a Public Service; and
(b) the Tuvalu Police.
(2) Subject to this Part, Acts of Parliament may make provision for and in relation to:
(a) a Prison Service; and
(b) other State Services of Tuvalu.
140 Creation etc., of offices, etc., in State Service
Subject to any Act of Parliament, the Cabinet may:
(a) create or abolish offices or positions in State Services; and
(b) determine the qualifications for offices or positions in State Services; and
(c) prescribe the functions of offices or positions in State Services.
141 Appointments subject to approval, etc.
(1) Except as provided in this Constitution, this section does not apply to or in relation to any office or position established by this Constitution.
(2) Nothing in this Part prevents an appointment to, or other service action in relation to, an office or position in a State Service from being made subject to:
(a) approval by Parliament, or by any other person or authority; or
(b) consultation with Parliament or with the members of Parliament, or with any other person or authority.
142 Localization
(1) In this section:
"localization" means preference in public employment (either generally or in respect of an office or position, or a class of offices or positions) for:
(a) citizens of Tuvalu; or
(b) persons whose usual places of residence (apart from the requirements of employment) are in Tuvalu; or
(c) persons having some other special connection with Tuvalu,
including the replacement of the holders of offices or positions who do not have the qualifications required by the policy.
(2) A localization policy or programme may be laid down: 
(a) by or under an Act of Parliament; or
(b) by decision of the Cabinet, approved by Parliament by resolution.
(3) Nothing in a policy or programme laid down in accordance with subsection (2)(b) affects any right to termination or retirement benefits, or to compensation, otherwise possessed by any person affected by it.
(4) Nothing in this Part, including Division 5 (Removal, etc., of Certain Officials), or in Part Il (Bill of Rights) prevents the implementation of any localization policy or programme laid down under this section.
DIVISION 2.: THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
143 Establishment of the Commission
A Public Service Commission is established.
144 Composition of the Commission
The Public Service Commission shall consist of a Chairman and three other members.
145 Appointment of members of the Commission
(1) The members of the Public Service Commission shall be appointed by the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet.
(2) A person is not qualified for appointment as a member of the Commission if:
(a) he is a member of Parliament; or
(b) he is a candidate for election as a member of Parliament; or
(c) he is the holder of:
(i) any other office or position established by this Constitution; or
(ii) an office or position in a State Service; or
(iii) any other office or position prescribed for the purposes of this subsection by or under an Act of Parliament.
146 Remuneration, etc., of members of the Commission
(1) The salary or other remuneration of the Chairman and the other members of the Public Service Commission are as provided for in section 169 (remuneration of certain officials).
(2) The other conditions of employment of a member of the Commission are as prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament.
147 Tenure of office of members of the Commission
(1) A member of the Public Service Commission vacates his office or position:
(a) if he is removed from office under Division 5 (Removal etc., of certain officials); or
(b) subject to subsection (2), if he resigns by notice in writing to the Head of State; or
(c) if he ceases to be qualified for appointment by virtue of section 145(2) (which relates to disqualification from appointment); or
(d) at the end of the period of four years after the date of his appointment.
(2) A resignation under subsection (l)(b) takes effect on the date on which it is received by the Head of State, or on such later date as is fixed by agreement between the member and the Minister responsible for Public Service matters.
148 Exclusion of members of the Commission from certain employment
(1) This section does not apply to a person who has been acting temporarily in the office of a member of the Public Service Commission only for a period of less than six consecutive months.
(2) Nothing in this section prevents other or additional disqualifications being imposed by or under an Act of Parliament on:
(a) a member or former member of the Public Service Commission, or
(b) a person referred to in subsection (1),
because of his membership or former membership of the Commission.
(3) A member of the Public Service Commission is not eligible for appointment to any office or position referred to in section 145(2)(c) (which relates to certain offices and positions the holders of which are disqualified from appointment to the Public Service Commission).
DIVISION 3.: GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
149 Functions of the Commission
(1) Subject to this Constitution and in particular to section 150 (independence of the Commission), and to any Act of Parliament, the Public Service Commission is responsible for:
(a) the efficient management and control of the Public Service in relation to matters referred to in paragraphs (a)-(f) of the definition "personnel matters" in section 13 7 (interpretation of Part VIII); and
(b) all personnel matters connected with the Public Service; and
(c) such matters in relation to the other State Services and the services of other governmental bodies as are prescribed,
and has such other functions as are prescribed.
(2) Subject to section 150 (independence of the Commission), the Public Service Commission:
(a) may at any time; and
(b) shall at the request of the Minister responsible for Public Service matters, inform or advise the Cabinet as to any matter within the functions of the Commission.
150 Independence of the Commission
(1) Subject to section 15 (independence) of Schedule 1, in personnel matters the Public Service Commission shall comply with any general directions as to policy given by the Cabinet, but otherwise is not subject to direction or control by any other person or authority.
(2) A policy direction given under subsection (1):
(a) shall be published in any manner prescribed for the publication of subordinate legislation; and
(b) shall immediately be forwarded by the Minister responsible for Public Service matters to the Speaker, for presentation to Parliament.
(3) Except in relation to personnel matters, the Public Service Commission is responsible to the Cabinet for the performance of its functions.
151 Appeals within State Services
(1) The independence conferred on the Public Service Commission by section
150 (independence of the Commission) is not affected by any provision of an Act of Parliament providing for an appeal, to an independent tribunal or authority established by an Act of Parliament, from:
(a) a decision of the Commission; or
(b) any recommendation or advice to the Commission; or
(c) any advice proposed to be given by the Commission to the Head of State
(2) The provisions of section 150 (independence of the Commission) and of subsection (1) apply to and in relation to any tribunal or authority that may be established under subsection (1) in the same way as they apply to and in relation to the Public Service Commission.
152 Procedures, etc., of the Commission
Subject to any Act of Parliament, the provisions of Schedule 3 (Procedures etc., of the Public Service Commission and Certain Tribunals) apply to and in respect of the Public Service Commission.
153 Delegation by the Commission
(1) With the approval of the Minister responsible for Public Service matters, the Public Service Commission may, in writing, delegate to any person any of its functions.
(2) A delegation under subsection (1):
(a) may apply generally, or in respect of any part of Tuvalu or of any place specified in the instrument of delegation; and
(b) may be made subject to such conditions, limitations and restrictions as are so specified.
(3) A delegation under this section is revocable, in writing, at will, and no delegation prevents the performance of a function by the Commission.
(4) If a delegation under this section relates to personnel matters, in performing the delegated function the delegate is subject to the same freedom from direction or control as the Commission, and the provisions of sections 150 (independence	of the Commission) and 151, (appeals with State Services) with the necessary modifications, apply accordingly.
DIVISION 4: PERSONNEL FUNCTIONS
154 Application of Division 4
(1) This Division applies to and in relation to any Act of Parliament made for the purposes of section 139 (the State Services) establishing a State Service, and to any regulations or other subsidiary legislation made under such an Act.
(2) The provisions of this Division shall be read subject to this Constitution and in particular to:
(a) section 142 (Localization); and
(b) Division 5 (Removal, etc., of Certain Officials).
155 The Public Service
Authority in relation to personnel matters in respect of members of the Public Service shall be vested in the Public Service Commission.
156 Magistrates
(1) The provisions of this section apply in relation to a magistrate of a subordinate court irrespective of whether he is a member of the Public Service.
(2) Authority in relation to personnel matters in respect of magistrates of subordinate courts in their capacity as magistrates shall be vested in the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Public Service Commission, subject to the approval, either general or specific, of the Chief Justice or a person authorized by him for the purpose. 
157 The Police Force
(1) An office of Commissioner of Police is established as an office in the Tuvalu Police.
(2) The Commissioner of Police shall be appointed in accordance with section l 59(5)(a) (which relates to the appointment of the Commissioner of Police).
(3) Excluding the Commissioner of Police, members of the Tuvalu Police of or above the rank of Inspector (or the equivalent rank as defined by or under an Act of Parliament) may be appointed, removed and disciplined in the same manner, with any necessary modifications, as members of the Public Service under section 155 (the Public Service).
(4) Other members of the Tuvalu Police may be appointed, removed and disciplined by the Commissioner of Police, subject to appeal to the Public Service Commission in the case of removal or disciplinary action.
158 Secretaries to Ministries
(1) In this section:
(a) "Secretary" means the Secretary or other head of a Ministry or office of Government (being a member of the Public Service) who is directly responsible to a Minister, but does not include the Secretary to Government; and
(b) a reference to the appointment of a Secretary includes a reference to: (i) his appointment from outside the Public Service; and
(ii) his promotion or transfer from some other office outside a common cadre.
(2) Secretaries:
(a) shall be appointed only with the concurrence of the Cabinet; and
(b) form a common cadre or (as prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament) common cadres, to which may be added other senior members (as so prescribed) of the Public Service.
(3) The Cabinet may at any time request the Public Service Commission to advise the Head of State to appoint a particular person to be a Secretary.
(4) If the Cabinet makes a request under subsection (3), the Public Service Commission shall consider the request and advise of its decision.
(5) No Secretary shall be appointed from outside the State Services unless the Public Service Commission determines that the appointee has clearly more merit than a serving member of the State Services.
159 Special cases of appointments
(1) This section shall be read subject to section 142 (localization). (2) The Auditor-General:
(a) shall be appointed by the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Public Service Commission, and with the approval of Parliament signified by resolution; and
(b) may be suspended or removed from office in accordance with Division 5 (Removal, etc., of Certain Officials). (3) The Secretary to Government-
(a) shall be appointed by the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Public Service Commission given after consultation with the Cabinet; and
(b) may be suspended or removed from office in accordance with Division 5 (Removal, etc., of Certain Officials).
(4) The Attorney-General:
(a) shall be appointed by the Head of State acting in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet given after consultation with the Public Service Commission; and
(b) may be suspended or removed from office in accordance with Division 5 (Removal, etc., of Certain Officials).
(5) The Commissioner of Police:
(a) shall be appointed by the Head of State, acting in accordance with the advice of the Public Service Commission given after consultation with the Cabinet; and
(b) may be suspended or removed from office in accordance with Division 5 (Removal, etc., of Certain Officials).9
(6) The functions of the Head of State under this Division in relation to the personal staff of the Governor-General who are members of a State Service shall be exercised by the Governor-General acting in his own deliberate judgment.
DIVISION 5.: REMOVAL, ETC., OF CERTAIN OFFICIALS
160 Interpretation of Division 5
In this Division:
"the appropriate authority", in relation to an office or position to which this Division applies, means:
(a) the person or authority having power to make appointments to the office or position, acting in accordance with the prescribed manner of exercise of that power; or
(b) some other person or authority prescribed for a particular case;
"member of the appropriate authority", in a case where the appropriate authority acts in accordance with the advice of, or after consultation with, any other person or authority, includes:
(a) that other person or authority; and
(b) a member of that other authority.
161 Application of Division 5
(1) This Division applies to the offices of- (a) Secretary to Government; and (b) Attorney-General; and
(c) Auditor-General; and
 (d) Commissioner of Police;  and
(e) members of the Public Service Commission, and any other office or position to which this Division is applied by an Act of Parliament. 
(2) The provisions of this Division shall be read subject to section 142 (localization).
162 Removal of prescribed officials from office
(1) Subject to section 164 (contract employment), the holder of an office or position to which this Division applies may be removed from office only:
(a) for inability to perform properly the functions of his office or position (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind, or from some other cause), or for misbehaviour; and
(b) in accordance with this section.
(2) The holder of an office or position to which this Division applies may be removed from office by the appropriate authority if:
(a) the question of his removal from office has been referred to a tribunal appointed under subsection (3); and
(b) the tribunal has advised the appropriate authority that he ought to be removed from office for a reason set out in subsection (1)(a).
(3) If the Cabinet or the appropriate authority decides that the question of removing from office the holder of an office or position to which this Division applies should be investigated under this section, the Head of State, acting after consultation with the Prime Minister, shall appoint an independent tribunal consisting of:
(a) a chairman who is qualified for appointment as a Judge of the High Court; and
(b) not less than one other member, with qualifications or experience relevant to the particular matter.
(4) A person is not qualified to be appointed under subsection (3)(b) if he: 
(a) is the Governor-General; or
(b) is a member of Parliament; or
(c) is a member of the appropriate authority in relation to the person concerned; or
(d) is, or has been within the preceding 12 months, a subordinate of the person concerned; or
(e) has been involved in formulating advice on the question.
(5) The tribunal shall investigate the question and report on it to the appropriate authority, with its advice whether the person concerned should be removed from office.
(6) The provisions of Schedule 3 (procedure, etc., of the Public Service Commission and Certain Tribunals) apply to and in respect of the tribunal.
163 Suspension of prescribed officials
(1) If the question of removing a person from office has been referred to a tribunal under section 162 (removal of prescribed officials from office), the appropriate authority may suspend him from office.
(2) A suspension under subsection (1):
(a) may be lifted at any time by the appropriate authority; and
(b) ceases to have effect if the tribunal advises the appropriate authority that the person concerned should not be removed from office.
(3) A person suspended under this section shall receive remuneration or other entitlements in accordance with the policy in force for the time being in the Public Service and provided for in General Administrative Orders.
164 Contract employment
If:
(a) the holder of an office or position to which this Division applies is employed in that office or position under a contract (whether with the Government or otherwise); and
(b) the contract provides for his removal or suspension from office, nothing in the preceding provisions of this Division prevents his being removed or suspended in accordance with the contract.
PART IX
FINANCE
DIVISION 1: PARLIAMENT AND FINANCE
165 Parliamentary responsibility for finance
(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution (other than section 169 (remuneration of certain officials)), the raising and spending of money by the Government (including the imposition of taxation and the raising of loans) is subject to authorization and control by Parliament, and shall be regulated by an Act of Parliament.
(2) For each financial year there shall be:
(a) a National Budget, comprising estimates of:
(i) money proposed to be raised by the Government; and
(ii) money proposed to be spent by the Government, in respect of the financial year; and
(b) appropriations for the service of the financial year, and there may be such supplementary Budgets and supplementary appropriations as are necessary.
(3) Nothing in subsection (2) prevents an appropriation being expressed: (a) to continue after the end of the financial year; or
(b) to lapse before the end of the financial year.
166 Executive initiative
(1) Except on the recommendation of a Minister, Parliament shall not provide for-
(a) the imposition or increase of taxation, or the raising of money by the Government; or
(b) the imposition or increase of any charge on the public funds of Tuvalu; or
(c) the alteration of any charge on the public funds of Tuvalu otherwise than by reducing it; or
(d) the compounding or remission of any debt due to the Government. (2) Parliament may reduce the amount of any proposal:
(a) for taxation; or
(b) for the raising of public revenue; or
(c) for any expenditure of public money. (3) Parliament may not-
(a) increase the amount of any proposal; or
(b) change the effect of any proposal; 
or (c) change the purpose of any proposal, referred to in subsection (2)(a), (b) or (c).
167 The Consolidated Fund
(1) There shall be a Consolidated Fund of Tuvalu, into which, subject to any Act of Parliament, all public money shall be paid.
(2) Acts of Parliament may make provision for or in respect of other public funds not forming part of the Consolidated Fund, which shall be administered and dealt with in accordance with Acts of Parliament.
168 Accounting, etc., for public money
(1) Ali money of or under the control of the Government shall be dealt with and properly accounted for in accordance with law.
(2) No money of or under the control of the Government shall be spent except as provided by this Constitution or by or under an Act of Parliament.
169 Remuneration of certain officials
(1) This section applies to the offices of- (a) Governor-General; and
(b) Speaker; and
(c) Prime Minister and other Ministers; and
(d) other members of Parliament; and
(e) Judges of the High Court; and
(f) Attorney-General; and
(g) Auditor-General; and
(h) Commissioner of Police; and
(i) members of the Public Service Commission.
(2) Subject to this section, the holders of the offices to which this section applies shall be paid such salaries or other remuneration and such allowances as are specifically prescribed by an Act of Parliament.
(3) The remuneration and allowances referred to in subsection (2) are charged on and shall be paid out of the Consolidated Fund without appropriation otherwise than by this section.
(4) Subject to subsections (5) and (6), the remuneration and allowances payable to the holder of an office to which this section applies (other than allowances which are specifically excluded by Act of Parliament from the operation of this subsection) shall not be altered to his disadvantage after his appointment.
(5) Subsection (4) does not apply in respect of any reduction in remuneration or allowances which is part of a general reduction applied proportionately to:
(a) all offices to which this section applies; and
(b) all other offices the remuneration of which is specifically prescribed by Act of Parliament.
(6) For the purposes of subsection (4), where any remuneration or allowance to which that subsection applies is based, whether in law or in practice, on a choice made by the holder of the office in question, the remuneration or allowance which he chooses shall be considered to be more advantageous to him than any other which he might have chosen.
DIVISION 2: THE AUDITOR-GENERAL
170 Establishment of the office of Auditor-General
(1) An office of Auditor-General for Tuvalu is established.
(2) The Auditor-General shall be appointed in accordance with section l 59(2)(a) (which relates to the appointment of the Auditor-General).
171 Independence of the office of Auditor-General
Subject to section 15 (independence) of Schedule 1, in the performance of his functions under this Constitution and any other law the Auditor-General is not subject to the direction or control of any other person or body.
172 Functions of the Auditor-General
(1) The Auditor-General shall inspect and audit, and report at least once in every financial year to Parliament on:
(a) the public accounts of Tuvalu; and
(b) the control of public money and property of Tuvalu; and
(c) all transactions with or concerning public money or property of Tuvalu, and has such other functions as are, subject to subsection (4), conferred on him by an Act of Parliament.
(2) Unless other provision is made by or under an Act of Parliament in respect of the inspection and audit of them, subsection (1) extends to the accounts, finances and property of:
(a) each branch, department, agency and instrumentality of the Government; and
(b) each body set up by an Act of Parliament, or by executive or administrative act of the Government, for governmental or official purposes.
 (3) Even if other provision for inspection or audit is made as referred to in subsection (2), the Auditor-General may, if he thinks it proper to do so, inspect and audit, and report to Parliament on, any accounts, finances or property of an organization referred to in that subsection so far as they or it relate to, or consist of or are derived from, public money or property of Tuvalu.
(4) An Act of Parliament may:
(a) expand, and provide in more detail for, the functions of the Auditor- General under the preceding provisions of this section; and
(b) confer on the Auditor-General additional functions (including functions of the nature of an efficiency audit or value-for-money audit), not inconsistent with the performance of the functions conferred by those provisions.
(5) Subject to any Act of Parliament, the functions of the Auditor-General may be performed:
(a) in person; or
(b) through officers responsible to him, acting in accordance with his general or specific instructions,
and references to the Auditor-General include references to officers so acting.
PART X
TRANSITIONAL
173 Transitional provisions
The transitional provisions specified in Schedule 5 shall have effect notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution.